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Agartha - the Hollow Earth

Perhaps some of the most bizarre scientific theories ever considered were those concerning the possibility that the Earth was hollow. One of the earliest of these was proposed in 1692 by Edmund Halley.

Edmund Halley was a brilliant English astronomer whose mathematical calculations pinpointed the return of the comet that bears his name. Halley was fascinated by the earth's magnetic field. He noticed the direction of the field varied slightly over time and the only way he could account for this was there existed not one, but several, magnetic fields. Halley came to believe that the Earth was hollow and within it was a second sphere with another field. In fact, to account for all the variations in the field, Halley finally proposed that the Earth was composed of some four spheres, each nestled inside another.

Halley also suggested that the interior of the Earth was populated with life and lit by a luminous atmosphere. He thought the aurora borealis, or northern lights, was caused by the escape of this gas through a thin crust at the poles.

Others picked up Halley's hollow-earth theory often adding their own twists. In the eighteen century Leonhard Euler, a Swiss mathematician, replaced the multiple spheres theory with a single hollow sphere which contained a sun 600 miles wide that provided heat and light for an advanced civilization that lived there. Later Scottish mathematician Sir John Leslie proposed there were two inside suns (which he named Pluto and Proserpine).

One of the most ardent supporters of hollow-earth was the American John Symmes. Symmes was an ex-army officer and a business man. Symmes believed that the Earth was hollow and at the north and south poles there were entrances, 4,000 and 6,000 miles wide, respectively, that led to the interior. Symmes dedicated much of his life to advancing his theory and raising money to support an expedition to the North Pole for the purpose of exploring the inner earth. He was never successful, but after his death one of his followers, a newspaper editor named Jeremiah Reynolds, helped influence the U.S. government to send an expedition to Antarctica in 1838. While the explorers found no hole there, they did bring back convincing evidence that Antarctica was not just a polar ice cap, but the Earth's seventh continent.

In 1846 the discovery of an extinct   wooly mammoth frozen in ice in Siberia was used by Marshall Gardner as evidence of a hollow earth. Gardner subscribed to the single-sun-inside-the-earth theory and suggested that the mammoth was so well-preserved because it had died recently. Gardner thought that mammoths and other extinct creatures wandered freely in the interior of the earth. This one had wandered outside by using the hole at the North Pole, then was frozen and carried to Siberia on an ice flow.

That same decade a new theory about the hollow-earth appeared. It was the brainchild of Cyrus Read Teed. Teed proposed that the Earth was a hollow sphere and that people lived on the inside of it. In the center of the sphere was the sun, which was half dark and half light. As the sun turned it gave the appearance of a sunset and sunrise. The dense atmosphere in the center of the sphere prevented observers from looking up into the sky and seeing the other side of the world. Interestingly enough, Teed's theory was hard for 19th century mathematicians to disprove based on geometry alone, since the exterior of a sphere can be mapped onto the interior with little trouble.

Teed changed his name to Koresh and founded what might today be called a cult. After buying a 300 acre tract in Florida, Koresh declared himself the messiah of a new religion. He died in 1908 without proving his ideas.


Even after his death, though, some continued to subscribe to his theory. A story is told that during World War II Hitler sent an expedition to the Baltic Island of Rugen. There Dr. Heinz Fischer pointed a telescopic camera into the sky in an attempt to photograph the British fleet across the hollow interior of a concave earth. He was apparently unsuccessful and the British fleet remained safe.

After World War II there seems to be a continuing connection between hollow-earth stories and Nazi Germany. One author, Ernst Zündel, wrote a book entitled UFOs - Nazi Secret Weapons? claiming that Hitler and his last battalion had boarded submarines at the end of the war, escaped to Argentina, and then established a base for flying saucers inside the Earth at the South Pole. Zündel also suggested that the Nazis had originated as a separate race that had come from the inner-earth.

As time has gone on the idea of a hollow-earth has become less a theory of fringe science and more a subject of science fiction and fantasy. Perhaps this has happened because new discoveries continue to show there is no validity to most of the hollow-earth ideas. United States Navy Admiral Richard Byrd flew across the North Pole in 1926 and the South Pole in 1929 without seeing any holes leading to inner-earth. Photographs taken by astronauts in space show no entrances either. Modern geology indicates the Earth is mostly a solid mass.

One believer did seize on a NASA photograph showing a black hole at the North Pole and called it proof of an entrance to a hollow-earth. As it turned out the photo was actually a composite of several pictures taken over 24 hours so that all sections were seen in daylight and the black hole at the top was the portion of the arctic circle never illuminated during the day over winter months.

Perhaps one of the most well-known books about hollow-earth is Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth. The book illustrates a third theory of hollow-earth which is more plausible than the other two. This is that passages from the surface lead to caverns underground in which life thrives.

In the book three scientists climb down an inactive Iceland volcano in an attempt to find a path to the center of the Earth. They don't make it, but they do find an underground sea populated with prehistoric creatures including plesiosaurs.

Verne may have been closer to that mark than most expected. For years scientists scoffed at the idea of life thriving underground without light to provide energy. Now explorations have found rock-eating bacteria living as far as a mile below the ground. In Romania a whole ecosystem, including spiders, scorpions, leeches and millipedes has been found in a cave cut off from the surface 5.5 million years ago.

In addition to this kind of a hollow-earth there may be a "hollow Mars." A  Mars rock in the antarctic suggests that bacteria may have, and might continue to, exist underground on the red planet.



Hollow Earth


The hollow Earth theory holds that Earth is not a solid sphere but is hollow and has openings at the poles. Furthermore, an advanced civilization, the Agartha, exists within Earth. Their people include advanced spiritual and technological masters who sometimes foray into the atmosphere in their UFOs.


In the late 17th century, British astronomer Edmund Halley proposed that Earth consists of four concentric spheres and also suggested that the interior of the Earth was populated with life and lit by a luminous atmosphere. He thought the aurora borealis, or northern lights, was caused by the escape of this gas through a thin crust at the poles.

 

In the early 19th century, an eccentric veteran of the war of 1812 John Symmes (d. 1829) promoted the idea of interior concentric spheres so widely that the alleged opening to the inner world was named "Symmes Hole."



John  Cleves Symmes

In Hamilton, Ohio, his son erected a monument with a stone model of the hollow earth to commemorate his dad's incessant lobbying for an expedition to the North Pole to find the entrance to the world below. Martin Gardner writes that "It took Byrd's flight over the North Pole to deal a death blow to 'Symmes' hole'". However, later advocates hail Admiral Byrd as having actually gone into the hollow earth at both poles! This strange belief seems to be based on nothing more than the fact that Byrd referred to Antarctica as "The Land of Everlasting Mystery" and once wrote: "I'd like to see that land beyond the (North) Pole. That area beyond the Pole is the Center of the Great Unknown." Such evidence apparently suffices for the alternative scientist.

 

Edgar Allan Poe used the theme of the hollow earth in The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838). Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in 1864 and Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875-1950), the creator of Martian adventures and Tarzan of the Apes, also wrote novels set in the hollow earth. Legends often ignite the imagination of fiction writers and fiction often ignites the imagination of the pseudoscientist.

 

In 1869, Cyrus Reed Teed, an herbalist and self-proclaimed alchemist, had a vision of a woman who told him that we are living on the inside of the hollow Earth. For nearly forty years, Teed promoted his idea in pamphlets and speeches. He even founded a cult called the Koreshans (Koresh is the Hebrew equivalent of Cyrus).

 

In 1906, William Reed published The Phantom of the Poles in which he claimed that nobody had found the north or south poles because they don't exist. Instead, the poles are entrances to the hollow earth.

 


 

 

 


In 1913, Marshall B. Gardner privately published Journey to the Earth's Interior in which he rejected the notion of concentric spheres but swore that inside the hollow earth was a sun 600 miles in diameter. Gardner, too, claimed that there were huge holes a thousand mile wide at the poles.

 




 

 



Byrd flew over the North Pole in 1926 and over the South Pole in 1929, but he didn't see these entrances to the nether world. It is pointless to point out this fact or to refer hollow earthers to satellite photographs that do not show holes at the poles. They are sure that there is a government conspiracy to cover up the truth.

 

In the 1940s, Ray Palmer, co-founder of FATE, Flying Saucers from Other Worlds, Search, The Hidden World, and many other pulp publications, teamed up with Richard Shaver to create the Shaver Mystery, a legend of a world of hollow earth people and an advanced civilization. Shaver even claimed to have dwelled with the inner Earth people. According to Richard Toronto, the FBI blamed Palmer and Shaver for concocting "Flying Saucer Hysteria", making them the true founding fathers of modern UFOlogy.

 

 

The belief in a hollow Earth had some adherents in Nazi Germany. There is even a legend which says that Hitler and his chief advisers escaped the last days of the Third Reich by going through the opening at the South Pole.


 


In 1964, Raymond W. Bernard, an esotericist and leader of the Rosicrucians published The Hollow Earth - The Greatest Geographical Discovery in History Made by Admiral Richard E. Byrd in the Mysterious Land Beyond the Poles - The True Origin of the Flying Saucers. Bernard also authored Flying Saucers from the Earth's Interior. His real name was Walter Siegmeister. His doctoral dissertation was entitled "Theory and Practice of Dr. Rudolf Steiner's Pedagogy" (New York University, 1932). In his Letters from Nowhere, Bernard claims to have been in contact with great mystics in secret ashrams and with Grand Lamas in Tibet. He was, in short, another Gurdjieff.

Dr. Bernard died of pneumonia on September 10, 1965, while searching the tunnel openings to the interior of the Earth, in South America. Bernard seems to have accepted every legend ever associated with the hollow Earth idea, including the notions that the Eskimos originated within the Earth and an advanced civilization dwells within even now, revving up their UFOs for occasional forays into thin air. Bernard even accepts without question Shaver's claim that he learned the secret of relativity before Einstein from the Hollow Earth people.










THE HOLLOW EARTH:  A MADDENING THEORY THAT CAN'T BE DISPROVED

 

From OMNI Magazine (October 1983)

 

If there were a hall of fame for pseudo-scientists, surely Cyrus Teed would deserve a place of honor. It was shortly after the Civil War that Teed had his vision: The earth is a hollow sphere, and WE LIVE INSIDE IT. Everything else in the universe is in here with us -- planets, comets, stars -- everything. What's outside the sphere? Nothing. Teed's cosmology had a particular appeal to religious fundamentalists. It made the earth important again, rather than an insignificant speck in the cosmos. And it eliminated the difficult concepts of infinite space and aimlessly scattered worlds. We're all right here together in this safe, spherical womb.

 

In 1870 Teed changed his name to Koresh (ancient Hebrew for Cyrus) and started a cult. At its peak in the Nineties the Koreshan (pronounced ker-ESH-an) Unity movement had some 4,000 followers. Teed established a religious/scientific community a few miles south of Fort Myers, Florida, and there founded the town of Estero. He was determined to prove his theory scientifically and launched his own geodetic survey in 1897 to do just that. Using his "rectilineator," a set of double-T squares made of large logs, he projected a horizontal line until his calculations indicated that it would plunge into the Gulf of Mexico, four miles from its starting point. This was Teed's proof that the earth's surface is concave and that his rectilineator line had intersected the earth's upward curve. The scientists had gotten everything backward: It is centrifugal force, not gravity, that keeps our feet planted on the ground. The sphere *is* about 25,000 miles around, just as the scientists say. China is about 8,000 miles away, through the earth's center -- straight up.

 

The Nazis entertained many occult theories in their quest for world domination, and Teed's was one of them. At one point a Nazi expedition went to the Isle of Man. Its mission: to get secret photographs of the United States by pointing its powerful telescopes.

 

What's most infuriating is that a little mathematical fiddling turns this crazy theory into a proposition that is virtually impossible to refute. The trick is done by *inversion*, a purely geometric transformation that lets a mathematician turn shapes inside-out. When a sphere is inverted, ever point outside is mapped to a corresponding point inside, and vice versa.

 

The goemetry is quite simple. If a sphere's center is "C" and its radius is "r," then every outside point "P" maps to an inside point "P'" such that "CP x CP' = r2 [ "r squared" ] Here's a good way to visualize it: For any outside point "P" (on the sun, or Pluto, or Cygnus X, for example), draw a circle that has "CP" as its diameter. From one of the two points where this circle intersects the earth, draw a line perpendicular to "CP." The intersection point (of this perpendicular and "CP") is the location of "P'". By far the largest body in our inverted Earth is the moon; a bit over half a mile in diameter and some 3,933 miles over our heads. The sun's sphere is only eight feet across. The stars are microscopic spots clustered around the center, which is, of course, infinity. Is there any way to prove we *aren't* inside a hollow earth? We asked H.S.M. Coxeter, mathematics professor at the University of Toronto and an expert on inversion geometry. "I can't think of any," he said. "A rocket flight, an eclipse, a Foucault pendulum, a Coriolis effect -- any observation we can make on the outside of the earth has an exact duplicate version inside. There would be no way to tell which was the truth."

 

Just as the geometry of space inverts, so do all the laws of physics. Toward the center of a hollow Earth, light slows down and everything shrinks -- atoms, astronauts, spaceships, and measuring rods. Light travels in circular paths, producing some weird (but lawful) optical effects. Astronauts on the moon looked back on what they thought was a blue sphere in the distance. Actually it was the inside of the earth's shell, through sight lines that flared like the bell of a trumpet, producing the *illusion* of a sphere. The optical distortion is something like the wide angle view through a fisheye lens. As we look to the sky and the horizons, our visual field is filled with a sphere some 4,000 miles in diameter. Celestial bodies that revolve around the earth's center appear to "rise" and "set" as they enter or leave that sphere.

 

Cyrus Teed said that the moon is an illusion, that gravity is really centrifugal force, and that a horizontal line on the earth's surface eventually intersects the earth's upward curvature. We like to think that if he were alive today he would junk some of his earlier predictions to conform to inverse geometry, thereby keeping his theory irrefutable.

 

The centrifugal-force idea is demonstrably false. If it were so, there would be two points on the earth's surface where the force disappeared -- along the axis of spin. It is gravity of a peculiar kind that pulls us all to the outside. Teed's rectilineator experiment must have been in error. A line that appears horizontal actually curves in toward the center and so gets farther and farther "above" the surface. Teed would have embraced Einstein's view of a finite, bounded universe in which light travels in circles and eventually returns to its starting point. An infinitely powered telescope aimed straight up, Einstein said, will eventually produce a view of the other side of the earth. That idea might seem paradoxical to most of us, but it would have been intuitively obvious to Cyrus Teed.

 

The Australian Journal Speculations in Science and Technology has published an article by Mostafa A Abdelkader, of Alexandria, Egypt, that considers in all seriousness the proposal that we really *are* in a hollow Earth. Abdelkader says that the only way to test the theory's validity is to drill a tunnel straight through the earth. Until such an experiment is performed, he writes, "it seems ... that the odds are strongly in favor of [a hollow Earth] being our actual universe."


A Look at the Polar Mystery

by Dennis Crenshaw

 

If our world is solid as we are told common since tells us that the "magnetic" Poles would be where they belong – at the same spot as the "geographical" poles. However, as we know that is not the case.

 

The Magnetic Poles are not fixed spots, but are constantly traveling onwards, executing an unknown path and apparently completing a circle in a period of many hundreds of years. In addition to this onward movement of a few miles a year, there is a lesser daily oscillation. (1)

 

What do Gardner and Reed, the presenters of The Hollow Earth Theory have to say on this subject?

 

In gravitational pull it is not the geometrical position that counts. Center, in the geometrical sense of the word, does not apply. It is the mass that attracts. And if the great mass of the earth is in its thick shell, it is the mass of that shell that will attract, and not a mere geometrical point which is not in the shell but 2900 miles away from it, as that is the approximate distance between the center sun and the inner surface of the earth. As a matter of fact it is the equal distribution of the force of gravity all through the shell. When we are on the outside of the shell it is the mass of the shell that attracts us to the surface. When we go over to the inside of the shell the same force will still keep our feet solidly planted on the inner side. (2)

 

So, according to Gardner, it's not some action deep within our Earth which causes gravity and the Earth's magnetism but the rotation of the mass which makes up the crust. To understand where a "magnetic" pole would be if the world were made-up as envisioned by the two fathers of the Hollow Earth Theory we turn to William Reed:

 

If the center of the walls of the earth is the center of gravity, then the greatest attraction would be at the poles. [the place where the magnetic pull would be the strongest] "must have been about halfway around the curve, entering the introit of the earth and, if so, was in perfect accordance with the laws of the universe that the center of gravity is strongest at this point. (3)

 

Gardner agrees with Reed. The magnetic poles would actually form a circle around the pole-hole. Not a "moving" pole as in the accepted theory, but a permanent "ring" around the alleged entrance into the inner lands.

 

One Pole -Two Poles -Three Poles - More?

 

On July 19, 1947 a group of scientists left Ottawa Canada aboard a plane with the mission of finding the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole. Included in the tons of equipment they loaded aboard was "a new instrument that is expected to be helpful in taking magnetic soundings and establishing the northern magnetic field" (4)

 

On August 17, 1947 The New York Times reported:

Polar Shift Confirmed. Canadian Scientists Report a Movement 200 Miles North

 

Ottawa, Aug. 16, 1947 – The North Magnetic Pole seems to have moved 200 miles north since the year 1909 according to the first findings of four scientists of the Canadian Department of Mines and Resources, who left here by air July 19 in quest of the poles present position. (5)

 

This seems to fit the accepted theory OK. No surprises here. But then the United States Air Force tried to slide one by us. on Monday, October 20, 1947 the following front page story was carried by The New York Times:

All Arctic Is Open To The Air Force; 2 New Poles Found.  Tests show 3 Magnetic Poles Instead of 1, With Center on Prince Wales Island by Anthony Leviero

 

Washington, Oct. 19, 1947 –

 

The Air Force disclosed that it had discovered two new magnetic poles, in addition to correcting the position of the one recognized by science the three poles constitute an elliptical magnetic field. (6)

 

Upon finding this article in the Jacksonville Florida Public Library microfilm files I had to rush to a dictionary. Just as I suspected, Webster's Seventh defined elliptical as being a "deviation of an ellipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere. Ellipse is defined as "an oval". Of course, this is never talked about. As could be expected the article goes on to state "the exact location in latitude and longitude of these important discoveries in terrestrial magnetism were withheld for security reasons, a spokesman said" Under the rug!

 

However a little bit more of what was found out did slip through the net. In a scientific editorial in The New York Times published on October 21, 1947 we learn:

 

Magnetic Trinity

 

This military study of the polar regions has unexpectedly supplied us with new information on terrestrial magnetism. Observers of the Royal Air Force found that the North Magnetic Poles lies 300 miles north-northwest of its charted position. These findings have not only been confirmed by American Army pilots but have been supplemented with the information there are three magnetic poles in the area 450 miles long by nearly 200 miles wide. (7)

 

The Poles Explained

 

Is it just a coincidence that these documented findings fits exactly the description of what the founders of the Hollow Earth Theory said would be found? As with most of the earthly mysteries, the "mysteries" of the poles are easily understood when looked at using the concept of a hollow globe.

 

The poles do not from spot to spot and there are not three separate poles. This is a classic example of the results of the establishment scientists trying to "fit" the know facts to their "sacred cow" of a theory. The actual explanation is simple. As different explorers start over the edge of the lip into the interior lands they think they have "discover" that the pole has moved or that they have "found" a new magnetic pole. It's also possible that they are taking readings from different areas of the circle which surrounds the pole-hole exactly where Reed and Gardner said the magnetic field is located.

In the words of the author of the Oct.21, 1947 New York Times scientific editorial quoted above:

We begin to understand why explorers have reported that the Magnetic North Pole is elusive and that it shifts its position. But is it shifting? If the three magnetic poles remain fixed, if other poles are found, which is not improbable, we shall have to think of an ellipse-shaped magnetic region. (8)

 

Another scientific fact which supports the Hollow Earth Theory, yet totally ignored by the "experts".

 

(1)    Master Minds of Modern Science. T.C. Bridges & H. Hessell Tiltman. New York: The Dial Press. 1931.

(2)    A Journey To The Earth's Interior. Marshall B. Gardner. Aurora, IL. By the Author. 1920.

(3)    The Phantom of The Poles. William Reed. New York. 1906. Reprinted 1990.

(4)    "12 To Hunt Magnetic Pole 2 Months in Arctic". The New York Times. July 20, 1947.

(5)    "Polar Shift Confirmed". The New York Times. August 17, 1947.

(6)    Two New Poles Found. The New York Times. October 20, 1947.

(7)    Magnetic Trinity. The New York Times. October 21, 1947

(8)    Magnetic Trinity. The New York Times. October 21, 1947


What's at the center of the earth?


The inner core of the earth is a hot, dense solid sphere, composed primarily of iron, with some nickel. Its diameter is about 2400 km, about 19% of the earth's diameter. There is some evidence [see reference 1] that the core is in hexagonal crystalline form, possibly one giant crystal!

 

Surrounding the inner core is a layer of outer core 2300 km thick. The outer core is liquid, again [2] mostly iron (85%) with some nickel (5%) and some lighter element(s) (10%). The heat-induced roiling in this liquid iron layer is what creates the earth's magnetic field. Together the outer and inner core comprise 1/8 of the earth's volume, but 1/3 of its mass.

 

On top of the outer core is a layer called the mantle. It's composed mostly of silicate minerals containing magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium [2]. The mantle is hot and malleable. It's 2900 km thick (45% of the earth's depth) and comprises 7/8 of the earth's volume and 2/3 of its mass.

 

On top of all that is the earth's crust. The crust is cool and thin and crispy--it tends to fracture in earthquakes. The crust is 30-50 km thick at the continents and about 10 km thick under the oceans.

 

The deepest man-made hole is in the Kola peninsula in Russia. It's about 12 km deep, nowhere near reaching mantle. Some holes are being dug in the ocean [3], where the crust is thin, and sometimes they find chunks of mantle in those holes. Volcanoes sometimes spew up chunks of mantle as well, so we do have samples of (upper) mantle to study in the laboratory.

 

We can also do lab experiments to see what happens to the earth's materials under enormous heat and pressure. That's how we know the olivine structure of magnesium-iron orthosilicate in the upper mantle, for example, converts to the spinel structure in the lower mantle [2,4].

 

As for the rest of the earth, we have to be a lot cleverer. First, we know the mass of the whole earth based on its gravitational influence on other objects. We know the radius of the earth by looking at the inside cover of our old college physics textbook. This gives us the overall density of the earth. Next, we assume that the solar system formed from one interstellar cloud of crud, which clumped together into the sun and planets and other objects; thus the earth must be made of the same general stuff as the rest of the solar system. Most of that cloud of crud formed the sun, and we know what the sun is composed of by looking at its spectral lines. Other interstellar crud is available here on earth in the form of meteorites. So now we can estimate the general abundances of materials we expect to find on earth. Anything we don't find in the crust or mantle (or in the atmosphere) is probably somewhere inside. The largest unaccounted-for element is iron, so that must be in the core.

 

But most of our evidence comes from . . . earthquakes! Earthquakes provide a kind of X-ray of the earth. Whenever there's a major tremor, waves propagate from the hypocenter all over the earth. There are two basic kinds of waves, S-waves and P-waves [5]. S-waves, or shear waves, are waves in which the wave amplitude is perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation, like waves on the surface of a lake, or light waves. P-waves, or pressure waves, have wave amplitude parallel to the direction of wave propagation, like sound waves, or shoving a pulse down a Slinky. The two types of waves have different speeds, and move at different speeds in materials of different density, just like light waves travel at different speeds through materials with different indexes of refraction. And, like light, earthquake waves reflect and refract at material boundaries. For the purpose of analyzing the earth's interior, this is the mother lode. Imagine, if you will, an earthquake. It sends out S- and P-waves in all directions. Some waves travel over the surface of the earth, some travel through the crust, some reflect off layer boundaries, like reflections from a pane of glass. The most famous boundary--between the crust and the mantle--was discovered [6] by Andrija Mohorovičić in 1909 after a big earthquake near Zagreb, Croatia. This Mohorovičić Discontinuity is also called the Moho for the obvious reason that scientists can't be trusted to spell "Mohorovičić" correctly twice in succession.

 

Earthquakes also give evidence that the outer core is liquid. S-waves are never detected in certain regions of the earth--a shadow zone. Since S-waves don't propagate through liquid, a liquid layer must be forming this shadow. The size of the liquid layer can be determined by the size of the shadow.

 

Thus, by measuring the speeds of S- and P-waves as they travel through the depths of the earth, and by measuring reflections of those waves off discontinuities, we can put together a density profile of our planet. This profile can be compared to meteorite analyses and the results of the pressure and temperature experiments I mentioned, and a fairly good picture of the earth's interior emerges. Alas for adventure lovers, the picture is strikingly different from the one described by Jules Verne in his 1864 scientific paper, Journey to the Center of the Earth.

 

References

 

[1] David Schneider, "A Spinning Crystal Ball," Scientific American (Oct 1996)

[2] William F. McDonough, "The Composition of the Earth" in Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase Transformations in the Earth's Interior, edited by R. Teisseyre and E. Majewski (2000)

[3] Enrico Bonatti, "The Earth's Mantle below the Oceans", Scientific American (March 1994)

[4] Paul Henderson, Inorganic Geochemistry (1982)

[5] Charles F. Richter, Elementary Seismology (1958)



EARTH'S INTERIOR IS IN A SPIN


Columbia University scientists described the situation as being virtually a planet within a planet. The outer "planet" is called Earth. The faster-spinning inner core is solid yet extremely hot iron just a bit smaller than the moon.

 

At a July 17, 1996 news conference, the findings were announced by Xiaodong Song and Paul Richards, both of whom are Columbia University seismologists at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, in Palisades, New York. On July 18, their discovery appeared in the scientific journal Nature.

 

Another journal, Science, received a submission from a Harvard University team who also found indications that the Earth's core spins independently.

 

The Columbia University scientists stated the inner core was moving quickly enough — between 0.4 and 1.8 degrees annually — to once every four centuries be one further lap ahead of the Earth's surface. Such a condition is not known for any other planet or rocky body in the universe. Our planet's special quality was discovered when tracking of seismic waves showed unexpected patterns.

 

Gary Glatzmaier, a Los Alamos [New Mexico] National Laboratory geophysicist, who had been surprised that Song and Richards could observe (via a "sonogram") the rotation, said the breakthrough was "the beginning of a new field."

 

 

 


Did Hitler's Nazis believe in a hollow Earth - and did they escape to the planet's interior after the war?


The Allies are closing in.  Berlin is crumbling under the weight and impact of hundreds of Allied bombs. Deep in his fortified bunker, Adolf Hitler, once unshakable in his confidence in Nazi world domination, now admits that defeat is at hand. But Hitler is determined never to suffer the humiliation of being captured by his enemies. There is only one escape route - one he has planned for should he ever face just such a turn of events. Suicide is out of the question. Instead, Hitler and his corps of elite traverse through an underground tunnel to an isolated airstrip. There they board an unmarked plane and fly south. South to the pole. To the opening at the South Pole where they will enter the hollow Earth and disappear from history.


This alternate scenario to history is actually accepted as fact by some proponents of the hollow Earth theory. And as incredible as it sounds, the genesis of this story lies in some facts that carry some merit: some of Hitler's top advisors - perhaps even Hitler himself - believed that the Earth was hollow; and there was at least one expedition by the Nazi military to exploit that belief for strategic advantage during the war.

As with all such stories, it's often difficult to sort out facts, exaggerations, and outright fabrications. But it's an intriguing tale, and one that requires a little background




The newspaper France Soir had the following account:

Almost 1-1/2 years. AFTER cessation of hostilities in Europe, the Islandic Whaler, "Juliana" was stopped by a large German U-boat. The Juliana was in the ANTARCTIC region around Malvinas [now Falkland] Islands when a German submarine surfaced and raised the German official naval Flag of Mourning -- red with a black edge.

The submarine commander sent out a boarding party, which approached the Juliana in a rubber dinghy, and having boarded the whaler demanded of Capt. Hekla part of his fresh food stocks. The request was made in the definite tone of an order to which resistance would have been unwise. The German officer spoke a correct English and paid for his provisions in U.S. dollars, giving the Captain a bonus of $10 for each member of the Juliana crew. Whilst the food stuffs were being transferred to the submarine, the submarine commander informed Capt. Hekla of the exact location of a large school of whales. Later the Juliana found the school of whales where designated.

The French Agence France Press on 25 September 1946, said:

The continuous rumours about German U-boat activity in the region of Tierra del Fuego (Feuerland, in German), between the southernmost tip OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CONTINENT OF ANTARCTICA are based on true happenings.

 


.

There are several hollow Earth theories. The most prevalent one holds that there are great but hidden openings at both the North and South poles, and that it is possible to enter those holes. Some - including the respected Admiral Byrd - claimed to have entered those holes. According to the legends, other civilizations live within the Earth on it's inner surface, warmed and lit by an interior sun. The idea has inspired novels by Edgar Allen Poe (MS Found in a Bottle), Edgar Rice Borroughs (At the Earth's Core), and Jules Verne (A Journey to the Center of the Earth).

A second theory, call the "inverted Earth" theory, claims that we - our civilization - actually exists on the inside of the globe. We are held fast to the ground not by gravity, but by centrifugal force as the Earth rotates. The stars, so goes the theory, are twinkling chunks of ice suspended high in the air, and the illusion of day and night is caused by a rotating central sun that is half brilliant, half dark. Cyrus Teed, an alchemist from Utica, N.Y., was one of the first people to popularize this idea. So obsessed was he with the idea that he founded a religion based on it, changed his name to Koresh, and established a commune for Koreshanity in Chicago in 1888. In Germany, independently of the Koreshans, another group also was founded that adhered to the inverted Earth idea, and it was this concept that was accepted by some segments of the Nazi hierarchy.

The scenario told at the beginning of this article accepts one hollow Earth theory, while the facts seem to show that some Nazis actually believed in the other.

Hitler's Nazis were convinced that they were destined to rule the world, and they came to this warped conclusion through the acceptance of many occult beliefs and practices, including astrology, the prophecies of Nostradamus, and the hollow/inverted Earth theory...Hohlweltlehre. Because they suspected that our surface is on the interior of a concave Earth, Hitler sent an expedition, including Dr. Heinz Fischer and powerful telescopic cameras, to the Baltic island of Rugen to spy on the British fleet. Fischer did so not by aiming his cameras across the waters, but by pointing them up to peer across the atmosphere to the Atlantic Ocean. The expedition was a failure, of course. Fischer's cameras saw nothing but sky, and the British fleet remained safe. Then there's the legend... that Hitler and many of his Nazi minions escaped Germany in the closing days of World War II and fled to Antarctica where at the South Pole they had discovered an entrance to the Earth's interior. According to the Hollow Earth Research Society in Ontario, Canada, they are still there. After the war, the Allies discovered that more than 2,000 scientists from Germany and Italy had vanished, along with almost a million people, to the land beyond the South Pole. This story gets more complicated with Nazi-designed UFOs, Nazi collaboration with the people who live in the center of the Earth, and the explanation for "Aryan-looking" UFO pilots.

 

While the evidence for either hollow Earth theory is close to nil (although some folks claim to have proof in the form of photos), the story involving Nazis, war, and the romance of exploratory adventure sounds like the makings of a great Indiana Jones story.

In fact, it is!

In the novel Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth by Max McCoy, Indy comes into the possession of a mysterious journal hinting at the existence of an underground civilization that he and the Nazis race to find. The fate of the world - hollow or not - is in Indy's hands!




Secret Development of the Round Wing Plane, the Arrival of the Outer Terrestrials, and the Inner Earth

 

"ULTIMA THULE" apparently was the capital city of the first continent peopled by Aryans. This was called HYPERBOREA and was older than Lemuna and Atlantis(continents with advanced cultures since submerged). The Scandinavians have a tale of "Ultima Thule", the wonderful land in the high North, where the sun never sets and the ancestors of the Aryan race dwell.

Hyperborea was up in the North Sea and sank during an ice age. It is assumed that the Hyperboreans came from the solar system Aldebaran which is the main star in the constellation Taurus, and that they were about four metres tall, white, blond and blue eyed. They knew no war and were vegetarians (so was Hitler). According to alleged Thule texts they were technically very advanced and flew "Vril-ya", flying machines that today we call UFOs.

These flying disks were capable of levitation, extreme speeds and the manoeuvres known from today's UFOs due to two counter-rotating magnetic fields and they used the so-called Vril power as energy potential or fuel (Vril = ether, Od, Prana, Chi, Ki, cosmic force, Orgon..., but also from the academic "vri-IL" = as the highest deity = god-like), i.e. they take the energy from the Earth's magnetic field (free energy) like the "tachyon converter" of Captain Hans Coler.

When Hyperborea began to sink, the Hyperboreans are said to have burrowed (grave/borre) with huge machines - gigantic tunnels into the Earth's crust and settled under the Himalaya region. The subterranean realm is called AGHARTA and its capital SHAMBALLAH. The Persians call this land "Aryana", the land of origin of the Aryans.

Karl Haushofer claimed that Thule was actually Atlantis and - contrary to all other researchers of Tibet and India - he said that the surviving Thule-Atlanteans were separated into two groups, a good one and an evil one. Those who called themselves after their oracle Agharti - were the good and settled in the Himalaya region, the evil ones were the Shamballah - who wanted to subjugate humanity and they went West. He maintained that the fight between the people of Agharta and Shamballah had been going on for thousands of years and that in the Third Reich, the Thule Gesellschaft as Agartha's representative -continued it against the representatives of Shamballah, the Freemasons and the Zionists. This perhaps was his mission.

The head of this subterranean region he said was Rigden Iyepo, the king of the world, with his representative upon the Earth's surface, the Dalai Lama. Haushofer was convinced that the land below the Himalayas was the birthplace of the Aryan race, which he claimed to have confirmed during his Tibet and India travels.

The symbol of Thule was the swastika counter clockwise. Tibetan lamas and the Dalai Lama personally testified that people from Agartha were still living today. The subterranean land that is anchored in almost all Eastern traditions has spread over the millennia under all of the Earth's surface with huge centres under the Sahara desert, the Matto Grosso and the Santa Catarina mountains in Brazil, Yucatan in Mexico, Mount Shasta in California, England, Egypt, Czechoslovakia...

It seems that Hitler especially sought to discover the entrances to the subterranean world Agartha and to get in contact with the descendants of the Aryan "God people" from Aldebaran-Hyperborea. In the myths and traditions of the subterranean world it is often said that the world's surface was yet to suffer a terrible world war (Third World War), which would though be ended by earthquakes, other natural disasters and a switching of the poles and the deaths therefrom of two thirds of humanity.

After this "last war" the several races of the inner Earth would reunite with the survivors on the surface and the thousand-year GOLDEN AGE (age of Aquarius) would be rung in. Hitler wanted to build an outer "Agartha" or "Aryana" with the Aryan master race, and Germany should be its home. During the existence of the "Third Reich" two large expeditions were sent by the SS to the Himalayas to find those entrances. Further expeditions searched in the Andes, the Matto Grosso mountains in the North and the Santa Catarina mountains in the South of Brazil, in Czechoslovakia and parts of England.

Some authors claim that the Thule people believed that - quite independently of the subterranean tunnel and city system - the Earth was hollow, with two great openings at the poles. Natural laws were quoted, "As above, so below". Since blood, body or egg cells, a comet or an atom all have a nucleus and a hollow space surrounding it that is enclosed by a "corona radiata", an envelope, and the actual "life" is taking place in the core, one has deduced that the Earth was built after the same principles. Druses confirmed this, as they were hollow and the "life", the minerals and crystals, were in the interior. (also the tibetan rampa described some trips into tunnels ending into the interior of earth - but those was sealed from inside).

Therefore the Earth also had to be hollow - apparently agreeing with the views of the Tibetan Lamas including the Dalai Lama - and had a nucleus, the central sun (also called the "Schwarze Sonne", the Black Sun) that gave the interior an even climate and permanent sunlight, corresponding in the microcosm to the central sun of the galaxy in the macrocosm.

They maintain that the actual life of our planet takes place in the interior - the master race lives inside and the mutants on the surface - and that this was also the reason why we wouldn't find any life upon other planets of our solar system, because their inhabitants live inside. The main entrances are at the North and South poles through which the central sun is shining and producing the aurora borealis. In the interior the land mass was exceeding the water mass. The polar explorer Olaf Jansen and others said that the water in the interior was fresh, which could explain why the ice of the Arctic and the Antarctic is made of freshwater, not salt water. It is interesting to note that this view of the make-up of the world is shared and supported by the polar explorers Cook, Peary, Amundsen, Nansen and Kane and, last but not least, Admiral E. Byrd. All had the same, strange experiences contradicting existing scientific theory:

All confirmed that after 76 gr latitude the winds became warmer, that birds flew north over the ice, that animals like foxes also went north, that they found coloured and grey snow which when thawed left coloured pollen or volcanic ash. The question arises: where do flower pollen or volcanic ash near the North Pole come from, as not a single volcano is marked on any of the accessible maps? Further some of the explorers found themselves in freshwater seas, and all say that at a time during their travels they had seen two suns. Mammoths were found whose flesh was still fresh and whose stomachs contained fresh grass.

The "Hollow Earth" theory has so far remained just a theory to the public, although some authors and explorers claim to have visited there and even - like Admiral E. Byrd - had taken numerous pictures. It cannot be denied that all the Arctic explorers had had extraordinary experiences that so far cannot be explained, which points to something strange happening there. But the theory that the Earth had a molten core has equally remained just a theory. The fact remains though that the subterranean man-made tunnel and cave systems do exist. They can be found in almost any country of the world and by the largely still existing light source (a greenish glow that gets brighter the deeper one enters the tunnels), by the smooth walls and the unknown machinery that was found in the Boynton Canyon in Sedona, Arizona, are witness to a technically advance culture that existed millions of years before.

The myths of a "Hollow Earth" were enough for the Thule people to go on to start a serious study of the phenomenon. Therefore there was at least one expedition to the Antarctic during World War Two.


To show that the story of the Aryan Hyperboreans was not entirely invented here are two examples:

When the Spaniards under Pizarro came to South America in 1532, the natives called them "vicarochas" (white lords). According to their legends there was a master race of very tall white people who centuries before had descended in "flying disks" from heaven. They had long ruled in some of the towns and when they disappeared had promised to return. When the fair skinned Spaniards arrived, the natives thought them to be the vicarochas coming back and therefore in the beginning willingly gave them their gold.

Similar occurrences took place when the first white travellers arrived in Tibet and other Himalayan regions. They were scrutinized (gransket) in astonishment by the Tibetans and asked why they came from below (the foot of the mountains) rather than from above as they usually did.
 

 


There is allegedly a civilization of people living in the center of the Earth in a place called Agartha


Agartha is one of the most common names cited for the society of underground dwellers Agharta, its capital city, Shambalah. The source for this information is The Smoky God the biography of a Norwegian sailor named Olaf Jansen. Agartha - Secrets of the Subterranean Cities by Willis Emerson, explains how Jansen's sloop sailed through an entrance to the Earth's interior at the North Pole. For two years he lived with the inhabitants of the Agharta network of colonies who, Emerson writes, were a full 12 feet tall and whose world was lit by a "smoky" central sun. Shamballa the Lesser, one of the colonies, was also the seat of government for the network. While Shamballa the Lesser is an inner continent, its satellite colonies are smaller enclosed ecosystems located just beneath the Earth' s crust or discreetly within mountains."

 

The many cataclysms and wars taking place on the surface drove these people underground, according to Secrets: Consider the lengthy Atlantean-Lemurian war and the power of thermonuclear weaponry that eventually sank and destroyed these two highly advanced civilizations. The Sahara, the Gobi, the Australian Outback and the deserts of the U.S. are but a few examples of the devastation that resulted. The sub-cities were created as refuges for the people and as safe havens for sacred records, teachings and technologies that were cherished by these ancient cultures.

 

Alleged entrances to Agartha: Some are planetary grid points - indwells and outwells of energy.

 

- Kentucky Mommoth Cave, in south-central Kentucky, US.

- Manaus, Brazil

- Mato Grosso, Brazil - City of Posid

- Igua Falls, border or Brazil and Argentina

- Mount Epomeo, Italy

- Himalayan Mountains, Tibet - the entrance to the underground city of Shonshe is allegedly guarded by Hindu monks

- Mongolia - the underground city of Shingwa allegedly exists beneath the border of Mongolia and China

- Rama, India - beneath this surface city is a long lost subterranean city, they say, also named Rama

- Great Pyramid of Giza

- King Solomon's Mines

- North and South Poles

- Mount Shasta, California - the Agharthean city of Telos allegedly exists within and beneath this mountain

- Dero Caves - Atlantean link

 




There is a civilization of people living in the center of the earth known as Agartha. Buddist and Indian theology affirms their existence.

 

Buddhist theory:

 

It is believed to be a race of supermen and superwomen who occasionally come to the surface to oversee the development of the human race. It is also believed that this subterranean world has millions of inhabitants and many cities, its capital being Shambala.

 

Ancient philosophy states that Agartha was first colonized thousands of years ago when a holy man lead a tribe to the underground. The people have scientific knowledge and expertise far beyond that of the people who live on the surface of the planet.

 

Indian Theory:

 

The Ramayana one of the most famous texts of India, tells the story of the great avatar, Rama. It describes Rama as "an emissary from Agartha" who arrived on an air vehicle.

 

 QUETZALCOATL

 

Quetzalcoatl was the god connected to the Aztecs and Toltecs.

 

Legend has it that he vanished on a flying saucer for eight days when he visited the inner worlds.

 

ADMIRAL RICHARD E. BYRD

 

The first public scientific evidence of Agartha's existence occurred in 1947 when Admiral Richard E. Byrd of the United States Navy flew to the North Pole. Instead of going over the pole - he actually entered the inner earth. In his diary, he tells of entering the hollow interior of the earth, along with others and traveling 17 miles over mountains, lakes, rivers, green vegetation, and animal life. He tells of seeing tremendous animals --resembling the mammoths of antiquity moving --through the brush. He eventually found cities and a thriving civilization. The external temperature was 74 degrees F.

 

His airplane was greeted by flying machines of a type he had never seen before. They escorted him to a safe landing area where he was graciously greeted by emissaries from Agartha. After resting, he and his crew, were taken to meet the king and queen of Agartha. They told him that he had been allowed to enter Agartha because of his high moral and ethical character. They went on to say that they worried about the safety of planet due to he bombs and other testing done above the surface by governments.

 

After the visit Byrd and his crew were guided back to the surface of the planet. Reports of his exploits were silenced by the government of the US -- as is true with all ET-type information.

 

In January of 1956 Admiral Byrd led an expedition to the South Pole. On that expedition he and his crew penetrated down 2,300 miles into the center of the earth. Admiral Byrd states that the North and South Poles are only two of many openings into the center of the earth. Byrd writes about seeing a sun below the Earth.



 NAZI GERMANS

 

It is interesting to note that the US government does not allow planes to fly over the poles. All flights are directed to go around the poles. This can be confirmed. The opening in the poles may explain why there are so many UFO's seen flying over them.

 

It is notable that in 1942 Nazi Germany sent out an expedition composed of some of its leading scientists in an attempt to find an entrance to the hollow earth. This project was endorsed by Göring, Hitler, and Himmler.

 


Subterranean Myths and Legends

Like the sky above, the earth below has been a rich source of myths and legends for mankind. Most cultures have their own tales of the inner world, the strange creatures that live there, and the mystical connections that tie all humans to the subterranean worlds.

For example Indian folklore tells of "white tribes that live in the earth" appearing occasionally from caves. A series of Cave drawings from India shows a group of people emerging from a hollow void beneath the earth. According to local legends these were the first human beings that left a subterranean world to begin populating the surface world.

 

The world beneath our feet is just as often cited as the source of an infant mankind, as the tales of people first coming to the Earth from the heavens.

 

Native American legends from the Mandan, Sioux and Tuscaroras include their tribal origins as coming from inside the earth. In Legends & Lore of the American Indians (1993) edited by Terri Harden, there are a number of myths that point to a subterranean origin for mankind.

 

"Several tribes claim to have emerged from the interior of the earth. The Oneidas point to a hill near the falls of Oswego River, N.Y. as their birthplace; the Witchitas rose from the rocks around Red River; the Creeks from a knoll in the valley of Big Black River in the Natchez area, where dwelt the Master of Breath; the Aztecs were one of seven tribes that came out from the seven caverns of Aztlan...and the Navajos believe that they emerged at a place known to them in the Navajo Mountains."

 

According to the Pawnee story of creation: "All living things were under the ground in confusion and asked one another what each was; but one day as the mole was digging around, he broke a hole through, so that the light steamed in, and he drew back frightened. He has never had any eyes since; the light put them out. The mole did not want to come out, but all the others came out on to the earth through the hole the mole had made."

 

The Shawnees claim that when they first arrived in what is now Florida, they found a civilization of "whites" that fled their villages by going back to caves deep in the earth. The Incas had a similar folklore of a subterranean white race that traveled via secret caves.

 

The highland Andes have been known through myth and legend as one of the access points for vast underground subterranean cities, the domain of inner-earth beings who from time to time, emerge from their lower worlds into the upper atmosphere of our third-dimensional density. These ancient legends speak of vast networks of tunnels criss-crossing the entire length and breadth of the planet.

 

Several places in the Andes Mountains are considered gateways to these realms and doorways where emergence, and entrance are possible. Included among this distinction are the famous sacred sites of Sacsayhuaman in the Peruvian Andes and the ancient pre-Incan city of Tiwanaku near the shores of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia. The Jesuit chronicler Agnelio Oliva recorded the words of an old Inca quipu reader to the effect that "the real Tiahuanaco was a subterranean city, far exceeding the one "above ground" in vastness.

 

From China, Iceland and the South American Aztec's, their writings tell of an inner domain created by the "gods" for the first humans. An Eastern legend describes the origin of Adam came from inside the earth. A Hindu legend adds that Adam was a king of a group who fled a great cataclysm into the hollow earth and then returned to repopulate afterward.

 

According to Wm. Michael Mott in his definitive book of subterranean lore, Caverns, Cauldrons, and Concealed Creatures, in India there is an ancient belief, still held by some, in a subterranean race of serpent people who dwell in the cities Patala and Bhogavati. According to the legend, they wage war on the kingdom of Agharta.

 

The Nagas are described as a very advanced race or species, with a highly developed technology. They also harbor a contempt for human beings, whom they are said to abduct, torture, interbreed, and even eat.

 

While the entrance to Bhogavati is somewhere in the Himalayas, believers say that Patala can be entered through the Well of Sheshna in Benares, India. According to herpetologist and author Sherman A. Minton in his book Venomous Reptiles, this entrance is very real, with forty steps that descend into a circular depression, to terminate at a closed stone door that is covered in bas-relief cobras.

 

In Tibet, there is a major mystical shrine also called 'Patala,' which is said by the natives to sit atop an ancient cavern and massive tunnel system that reaches throughout the Asian continent and possibly beyond. The Nagas also have an affinity with water, and the entrances to their underground palaces are often believed to be hidden at the bottom of wells, deep lakes and rivers.

 

According to Buddhist tradition the underground Kingdom of Agharta, is reputed to be a place of great peace and tranquility. Agharta's inhabitants, numbering many millions, have attained a high degree of scientific accomplishment.

 

It is also a world of astonishing beauty, with inner suns, underground lakes, and palaces made from purest crystal. Special waters and the powerful rays of the Great Light, reputed to be a secret machine revealed by gods thousands of years earlier, irrigate crops.

 

Presiding over this subterranean kingdom is an all-powerful ruler - The King of The World, as his name is translated. It is further claimed his rule and influence stretches to the surface world by means of trusted emissaries who carry out specific tasks and duties.  This ministry, whose purpose is intended to elevate Mankind to a higher state of spiritual awareness, is said to directly influence eight million surface dwellers.

 

Numerous ancient philosophers were convinced the interior of the Earth was composed of inner worlds. Orpheus went into the earth to seek out Euridice of Greek mythology, Apollo's real home was among the Hyperboreans inside the earth of Roman Mythology. The Valkyries descended and ascended into an inner domain in Nordic mythology.

 

As well, legends of lost worlds within worlds - places that magically open to those with the appropriate key, have survived since earliest times. Shangri-La, and Aladdin with his lamp are just the best-known examples of a universal belief of hidden places of wonder below the surface world.

 

In the year 4 BC, Apollonius of Tyana, a mystic Greek physician traveled deep into the Himalayas in search of a magical kingdom rumored to be the source of all wisdom. Born in Cappadocia, Apollonius was a bright child who quickly outstripped his teachers in knowledge and wisdom.

 

One day a priest of Daphnean Apollo divulged to him a secret map marking out the route to this sacred kingdom - the City of the Gods, that lay far towards the east. Despite the dangers Apollonius immediately set off in search of this world.

 

Traveling through Mesopotamia and Babylon, he finally reached India where he employed the services of a local guide to take him deep into the Himalayan Mountains. After fifteen days of arduous walking the scenery around them changed dramatically. The path by which they had come disappeared after them. The countryside shifted its position and they seemed to be in a place preserved by illusion.

 

The pair were met by a boy who bid them welcome in Greek. Then they were escorted to meet the ruler of the amazing land. With a warm welcome he bade them accompany him on a tour of his kingdom, and completely spell bound, the pair was shown incredible marvels of a world few outsiders had ever seen or imagined.

 

Majestic pillars of light filled the sky, and glowing stones provided constant light.  Philostratus, who was Apollonius' biographer, describes feats of levitation and complicated robot-like machines serving food and drink as they sat down to eat. As they did so the ruler proudly announced: "You have come to men who know everything."  According to Philostratus these men "were living on the Earth and at the same time not on it."

 



United States Patent 1096102: The Hollow Earth Theory

by Mark Harp

107 North Holmes, Memphis, Tn. 38111

 

This article was published first in the January, 1995 issue of NEXUS, international science and freedom magazine. If unaltered, anyone is welcome to use this article. I permanently will retain the rights.

 

On November 25, 1912 Marshall B. Gardner of Aurora, Kane County, Illinois, USA, submitted his discovery application to the United States Patent Office. 18 months later, on May 12,1914, this federal agency granted Mr. Gardner United States patent 1096102, the second most important scientific document ever issued. Its scientific significance is exceeded only by the mechanical flight discovery of Orville and Wilbur Wright in 1903. For reasons which even Mr. Gardner could not have fully anticipated in the early 1900s, and which are now abundantly clear, his discovery soon became the most highly classified military secret of all time. In 1913 Gardner wrote his original book proving beyond any doubt that our Earth is a hollow sphere. So voluminous was the evidence which he continued to amass from studies of astronomy and Polar exploration, that he expanded his book to 450 pages in 1920.

The title is  A JOURNEY TO THE EARTH'S INTERIOR or HAVE THE POLES REALLY BEEN DISCOVERED?

 

Although he seems not to have been aware of it, Gardner's work had incompletely been preceded by William Reed, whose book PHANTOM OF THE POLES was 281 pages and was published in 1906 New York City by the Walter S. Rockey Company. The one shortcoming with Mr. Reed's theory, otherwise very intelligently developed, was that he had failed to finish his centrifugal force reasoning regarding Earth's formation As a result, he was never able to logically account for the powerful source of heat and illumination present in the Earth's Interior. Gardner, on the other hand, did account for this source. The difference is that whereas Reed confined his research strictly to Polar exploration, Gardner augmented this with studies of astronomy. The majority of this article will be testimony from the real experts, the people who were there at the huge telescopes and especially there in those vast and previously mysterious Polar regions. But first, this is the common sense theory responsible for United States patent 1096102.

 

In the beginning, some 4 or 5 billion years ago, when the Earth was still an enormously expanded ball of superhot whirling gas, it gradually began to contract as it cooled. The laws of physics require cooling gases to condense and so the rapidly spinning sphere of tenuous gases began to concentrate as the heat loss continued. Self-centered gravitational attraction kept reducing the diameter of the whirling ball of cooling material...but only to a certain extent. This is the big logical distinction between the old inadequate theory of planetary formation and Gardner's discovery. The old notion would have us believe that the gravitational contraction continued unabated until the Earth had become molten hot under a fierce gravitational pressure. While such a scenario undoubtedly does routinely occur in the celestial evolution of particularly immense bodies, as is the case with all stars, it is definetly not the final development of typical planets.

 

The crucial second factor to lay stress on is centrifugal force. Remember that while gravity is attempting to draw all of the material toward the center, there is an opposing force also at work centrifugal force. Just as a figure skater spins much more rapidly when she brings her outstretched arms tightly in against her body, so too did the ever contracting proto-planet begin rotating ever more rapidly as its size decreased. Like the glued water in a bucket that refuses to spill if one swings the bucket in a fast circle, so too was this same law of motion centrifugal force attempting to hurl all of the material outward from the forming planet's axis of rotation. So finally, in this silent titanic struggle between two natural forces, a balance was struck. When the swiftly whirling sphere had drawn itself down to an approximately 8000 mile diameter, the compromise between gravitational and centrifugal force was reached. But there is more.

 

There is a special characteristic of centrifugal force and we must not overlook this important trait. The strength of 'c' force becomes greatly lessened as it approachs right angles to the direction of spin. A simple day-to-day example of this behavior is water in a basin. If you remove the drain plug and allow the water to start emptying from the basin, what will you eventually observe? A vortex or whirlpool, an empty space surrounded by rapidly rotating material. Now imagine this same principal in action concerning the contracting body which was to become our Earth. At right angles to the rotational axis, in other words the 'poles', the c force was considerably weaker than elsewhere, especially the equator, therefore although at the Earth's equator the c force was able to halt the material's inward progress at about an 8000 mile diameter, it was considerably less successful in the Polar regions, there stopping the contraction at about 1400 miles. The inevitable outcome of this natural compromise is that our planet concluded its evolution and solidified as an 8000 mile hollow sphere with 1400 mile diameter Polar Openings.

 

Now it is at this stage in the logic that Gardner advances and Reed falters. Because of his study of astronomical records and photography as specifically relating to nebula and comets, Gardner became aware of the whole truth. In the precise center of these translucent spheres is a proportionally small incandescent ball. Between this luminous interior orb and the shell of the nebula is a large intervening space; said another way, the nebula is hollow except for the bright sphere in its center. Why? Well, where is the one other location at at which c force is quite weak, besides at the poles? The answer of course is at the precise center of rotation, and once again the logic is so straightforward that we may readily examine a common household example to support the arguement. What would be the result if you sprinkled a layer of powder upon the top of a record player and then turned the record on high speed? The powder would fly off of the record...except for a small portion at the precise center.

 

Based upon his studies of the planetary nebula through observatory photographs, Gardner was able to surmise that the very thick shell of the Earth is approximately 800 miles thick, the Polar Openings 1400 miles across, and the gravitationally suspended Central Sun (the incandescent orb locked by gravity in the exact planetary center) some 600 miles diameter. Because of the enormity and very gradual curve of the Polar Aperture, it is impossible to visually detect it; this is the same as the fact that we do not 'see' that the Earth itself is round. The curve is much too gradual to observe. Based on the nearly constant merger of warm interior air with very cold exterior Polar air, the Polar Openings are almost always covered by a thick cloud layer. This explains why when viewed from satellites the openings look just as they would if there actually were the mythical 'polar ice caps' which government policy claims are at the Earth's extremities. Gardner was led inexorably to his monumental science discovery by the vast quantity of inconsistent information which he continually encountered during his years of study dealing with, especially, high Arctic expeditions. Chief among the numerous mysteries are

 

1) a dramatically improving climate in the very far north,

2) the extreme peculiarity of the famous Northern Lights or Aurora Borealis, and

3) the eccentric behavior of the compass in very high latitudes.

 

We shall now proceed to hear from many witnesses who forfeited much comfort, convenience, and in several cases their lives, in order that we may fully understand the true greatness of our world, a world vastly more spectacular than officially acknowledged.

 

In the preface of THREE YEARS OF ARCTIC SERVICE, Lt. Adolphus Greely of the U.S. Army expresses the amazement of his Lady Franklin Bay expedition at the strange conditions they experienced in the far north:

 

Fearing exaggeration, I have occasionally modified statements and opinions entered in my original journal, believing it better to underrate than enlarge the wonders of the Arctic regions, which have been too often questioned.

 

Before focusing on our own world, let us look briefly at some of our interesting neighbors in Space. Renowned astronomer Percival Lowell comments on page 33 of MARS:

 

...round what we know to be the planet's pole, appeared to be a great white cap...It proceeded slowly to dwindle in size...As summer comes on, they dwindle gradually away, till by early autumn they present but tiny patches a few hundred miles across ...As it melted, a dark band appeared surrounding it on all sides...it was the darkest marking upon the disk, and was of a blue color.

 

The temptation to think of this blue perimeter as water must be avoided because if this were indeed prodigous volumes of water, it would frequently be coursing through the many ancient riverbeds which crisscross the dry Martian surface. These riverbeds are permanently dry. Instead what we are really observing is the optical effect of vast cloud masses moving over the curving sides of the Martian polar aperture. The exterior of Mars experiences changing seasons; the interior does not. The degree to which atmospheric moisture and temperature vary at the pole, where the differing climates converge, will determine the amount to which the immense blue ring will manifest itself in terrestrial telescopes. Being unaware of the true configuration of Mars, Lowell naturally believed that this blue polar band had to be water melted from an ice cap. In this assumption, though incorrect, he showed his wisdom. Unlike our present government policy, he knew absolutely that the pole of Mars cannot be carbon dioxide.

 

Faraday made experiments on the relation of the congealing point of carbonic acid gas to the pressure...He further found that the curve for the liquifaction point lay very close to that for the congealing point, and approached yet closer as the pressure decreased. In other words, the gas passed almost immediatly from the gaseous to the solid state...Now the pressure is certainly very slight on the surface of Mars...In consequence, on a rise of temperature the frozen carbonic acid gas would there pass practically straight from the solid into the gaseous state. Now, from the existence of the surrounding polar sea, we remark that in the substance composing the polar caps of Mars this does not occur. A considerable portion of it is always in the transition state of a liquid. Carbonic dioxide would not thus tarry: water would." Lowell made a particularly fascinating observation of the north polar opening when, for a short period, a portion of the usual cloud cover parted, thereby allowing beams of light from Mars' central sun to project beyond the orifice. "Meanwhile an interesting phenomenon occurred in the cap on June 7...as I was watching the planet, I saw suddenly two points like stars flash out in the midst of the polar cap. Dazzlingly bright upon the duller white background of the snow, these stars shone for a few moments and then slowly disappeared. The seeing at the time was very good... But though no intelligence lay behind the action of these lights, they were none the less startling for being Nature's own flash lights across one hundred millions of miles of space. It had taken them nine minutes to make the journey;...On comparing its position with Green's map of his observations upon the cap at Madiera in 1877, it appeared that this was the identical position of the spot where he had seen star points then, and where Mitchell had seen them in 1846, ...Meanwhile the cap had been steadily decreasing in size,...On October 12, at lOh.40m.,...Mr. Douglas measured its position and estimated its size, as was his wont every few days. He found it to be six degrees distant from the planet's pole...On looking at the planet on October 13, at 8h.15m., to his surprise he found the cap gone. Not a trace of it could be seen;...What had certainly been there on the 12th was not there on the 13th. The ice-cap had disappeared.

 

Robert Powers remarks in MARS: OUR FUTURE ON THE RED PLANET:

 

There seem to be vast quantities of water in the polar caps,...Like the ice caps of Earth, they are bright white.

 

Thomas McDonough says in SPACE: THE NEXT 25 YEARS

 

Mars also has large, bright ice caps, which can even be seen from the Earth with a good telescope.

 

In THE GREATEST CHALLENGE: The Incredible Adventure and Splendid Destiny Man in Exploring Space Martin Caidin notes that

 

Both American and Russian astronomers in recent years have observed a series of very bright flashes, lasting about five minutes, and followed by mushroomshaped clouds.

 

Original Moon explorer Michael Collins writes in MISSION TO MARS

 

A greater mystery is what happened to all the water and ice that gouged out those huge channels billions of years ago. Mars has a strong enough gravitational field to hold water vapor in its atmosphere rather than allow it to escape into space...What happened to all the water that carved out deep channels?

 

John Noble Wilford says in MARS BECKONS:

 

Mariners 6 and 7 ...The camera photographed a hood of clouds over the south polar cap, and infrared instruments measured temperatures there as low as 193 degrees Fahrenheit...The infrared spectrometer had appeared to detect temperatures at the edge of the south polar ice cap that were much too high to be from frozen carbon dioxide...scientists could see by the Soviet document that the range of possibilities for the 1994 flight was wide and challenging. Under serious consideration were plans to place two spacecraft into orbits of Mars passing over the poles.

 

On page 22 of the March-April 1992 Final Frontier are some remarks about the planet nearest to the Sun, Mercury:

 

...temperatures that climb as high as 800 degrees Fahrenheit...Researchers at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena have identified what they believe is a water ice cap more than 180 miles in diameter on Mercury's north pole...the researchers saw a bright area at the north pole...'We were amazed'." Marshall Gardner devotes 27 pages of his book to the study of preliminary planets, better known as nebula. Here are a few comments. "The spectroscope supplies the answer...the spectroscope has proven absolutely that the nebula is not made up of stars...the typical nebula has a remarkable shell-like structure and a central star...a search made with a spectrograph and the Lick 36 inch telescope for rotation effects...Definite evidence of rotation was found...

 

On page 63, in reference to comets as being planets in the process of destruction, Gardner writes

 

Hecter MacPherson tells us in his book, THE ROMANCE OF MODERN ASTRONOMY that the great comet of 1811, with a tail stretching for a hundred million miles behind and fifteen million miles in breadth, had a nucleus that according to measurements by Herschell was only 428 miles in diameter. The comet of Donati, detected from a Florence observatory in 1858, had a nucleus which 'shone with a brilliance equal to that of the Polar Star' and which was 630 miles in diameter...'even in the short period of man's life comets have been seen to break up and disappear'." Included in his many observations concerning Mars, Gardner points out that besides the numerous reports of the Martian pole being very bright and making rapid size changes, "...the light from the polar region of Mars is a direct illuminant from within the planet, because that light, seen at night, is yellow. Any other sort of light, a reflection from a snowy surface, for instance, or a reflection from sand or mountain surfaces, would be white.

  

On page 80, Gardner displays eight excellent photographs of Mars recorded at the Yerkes observatory and which show the "...so-called snow-cap, projected beyond the planet's surface, which precludes all possibility of its being snow or ice." In writing of the English astronomer J. Norman Lockyer's report to the Royal Astronomical Society of England:

 

The snow-zone was at times so bright that, like the crescent of the young moon, it appeared to project beyond the planet's limb. This effect of irradiation was frequently visible; on one occasion the snow-spot was observed to shine like a nebulous star when the planet itself was obscured by clouds....that luminosity is precisely what our own aurora borealis would look like if our planet was viewed from a great distance. And the light is the same in both cases.

 

As lame as the official government position is in postulating ice, snow, or frozen carbon dioxide as composing the Martian poles, imagine their predicament in the case of Venus. By their own admission, the temperature on Venus is well in excess of 800 degrees Fahrenheit...quite a place to put an ice cap! Whether by choice or by chance, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration released a few remarkable radar-generated photographs of Venus in early 1989. One of these close up images, in which the cloud-piercing radar reveals with excellent clarity the north polar opening, boldly graced the cover of the April 1989 issue of Discover. Now back to Earth.

 

Certainly one of the three greatest pioneers of Polar exploration was Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, the acclaimed Norwegian scientist and Arctic voyager. Perhaps the most interesting expedition ever conducted in the Arctic area is chronicled in Nansen's 679 page two volume work whose complete title is: FARTHEST NORTH: 'Being the Record of a Voyage of Exploration - the Ship "Fram" 1893-96 and of a Fifteen Months Sleigh-Journey by Dr. Nansen and Lieut. Johansen'. On page 120, when the 13 man crew had already reached almost 77*N. latitude, Nansen observes

 

It was a strange feeling to be sailing away north in the dark night to unknown lands, over an open, rolling sea, where no ship, no boat had been before. We might have been hundreds of miles away in more southerly waters, the air was so mild for September in this latitude...We see 'nothing but clean water', as Henriksen answered from the crow 's nest when I called up to him...'They little think at home in Norway just now that we are sailing straight for the Pole in clear water'...I have almost to ask myself if this is not a dream. One must have gone against the stream to know what it means to go with the stream.

 

Another of the major contributors to Arctic knowledge was U.S. Army Lieutenant (later General) Adolphus Greely. Like other Arctic voyages, the Lady Franklin Bay expedition encountered the truly bitter cold conditions in the lower portion of the Arctic region, but less harsh climate as they neared 80* latitude and especially mild weather beyond the 80th parallel. On page 369, when their party had attained the 81st latitude while map- making for the Army on Ellesmere Island, Greely comments "At that time a high warm wind was blowing from the interior, and the temperature was considerably above 40*(5*C.)." His use of the word 'interior' was more profoundly accurate than he realized. An example of how dramatically the warm winds from the Interior affect the far north exterior is demonstrated in this passage from page 192, when the winds had for a long while been from the south:

At 10 P.M., February 16th, the mercurial thermometers thawed out, after having been frozen continuously for sixteen days and five hours. This is the longest time on record during which mercury has remained frozen.

Dr. I.I. Hayes, with the schooner United States, wrote of his far north voyage in THE OPEN POLAR SEA. They were utterly bewildered by the inexplicable increase in temperature whenever the high Arctic wind sustained from the north. While stalled by a strong persistent wind out of the north for much of the first two weeks of November, Hayes noted that after the great initial masses of ice had been driven past them, there were none more to replace them. He adds, "November 13: Worse and worse. The temperature has risen again, and the roof over the upper deck gives US once more a worse than tropic shower...November 14: The wind has been blowing for nearly twenty four hours from the northeast, and yet the temperature holds on as before...I have done with speculation. A warm wind from the 'mer de glace'...makes mischief with my theories, as facts have heretofore done with the theories of wiser men." Ships' surgeon for the 'Advance' and 'Rescue',

 

Dr. Elisha Kent Kane recorded his extensive Arctic experience in ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS IN SEARCH OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN, experiences which culminated near the 82nd parallel. The expedition progressed as far north as was practical in their ships and then when the amount of ice rendered additional progress impossible or at least unsafe, they continued their poleward journey on foot with sledges. But as with other Arctic explorers before and since, they were amazed to eventually find further advancement thwarted by the gradual encroachment of an open polar sea. He writes

 

It is impossible in reviewing the facts which connect themselves with this discovery, the melted snow upon the rocks, the crowds of marine birds, the limited but still advancing vegetable life, the rise of the thermometer in the water, not to be struck by their bearing on the question of a milder climate near the pole. To refer them all to the modification of temperature induced by the proximity of open water is only to change the form of the question; for it leaves the inquiry unsatisfied. What is the cause of the open water?

 

About 130 years later we have these remarks from Russian explorer Vladimir Snegirev in his 1985 ON SKIES TO THE NORTH POLE:

 

On May 9 they crossed the 86th parallel...It was a strange thing indeed: you might have thought that as they approached the Pole the ice would become thicker, stronger, more solid, but in reality it was just the other way around. The closer they came to their goal, the more often they encountered open water...

 

Writing about Admiral Richard Byrd's first journey to Antarctica in BEYOND THE BARRIER, Eugene Rodgers records the extraordinary affect that a wind persisting from the Pole has:

 

Temperature swings were so violent that, only three days after the record low, the reading rose to 15 above. 'That makes a range of 87 degrees, as much as the annual range over most of the eastern U.S....

 

On page 144 of his book Nansen exclaims "Today we had the same open channel to the north, and beyond it open sea as far as our view extended. What can this mean?" When in the 79th parallel, he records on page 197 "...bringing northerly wind. It is curious that there is almost always a rise of the thermometer with these stronger winds...A south wind of less velocity generally lowers the temperature, and a moderate north wind raises it." After having reached the very far northerly position of 86* latitude, Nansen observes on page 391 "I was inconvenienced for the first time by the heat; the sun scorched quite unpleasantly." Page 407: "...last night I could hardly sleep for heat." Several months later Nansen and Johansen were heading back to the Fram, but were still above the 81st parallel, when he writes on page 527 "Fancy, only 12* (21.5*Fahr.) of frost in the middle of December! We might almost imagine ourselves at home..." When his group was at the 81st parallel, Greely records on page 370 "In its whole extent the valley was barren of snow, and in most places was covered with a comparatively luxurient vegetation." At latitude 81*49' Greely writes on page 372 "I there caught a butterfly, and saw three skuas two bumble bees, and many flies..." Page 374: "While at this camp, No. 3, we obtained but little sleep, owing to the large swarms of flies...On rising at 2 A.M. the temperature was found to be very high, 48*(8.9*C.), with a minimum of 47*(7.8*C.) since the preceding evening ...In this lake also there were many small minnows..." Page 376: "Corporal Salor brought in with his willows two small pieces of unworked pine wood...Near by I discovered the former site of an old summer encampment of the Eskimos." Page 377: " The surroundings of the encampment were marked by luxurient vegetation of grass, sorrel, poppies, and other plants." Page 378: " The sky was partly covered with true cumulus clouds, quite rare in Arctic heavens...the temperature was high and the gay yellow poppies and other flowers drew to them gaudy butterflies ...he could well imagine himself in the roaring forties instead of eight degrees from the geographical pole." Page 379: "At this point, and in its immediate vicinity, a large number of butterflies were seen...facing Ruggles River, three abandoned Eskimo huts..." Page 383: "Among other pieces of wood was a pole, nine feet long and about two inches in diameter, of a hard, close grained, coniferous wood, probably fir or hard pine.'' Page 385: "...a bumble bee and a 'devil's darning needle'. Butterflies were very numerous, as many as fifty being seen during the day...The weather during the day was excessively hot, and we suffered extremely. The attached thermometer of the aneroid barometer, which was carried always in the shade, stood at 74*(23.3*C.)...The day's march carried us farther along the shores of Lake Hazen than I had reached in May, and now a new, undiscovered country was gradually opening to our view."

 

By far the three most significant categories of evidence proving the validity of United States patent 1096102 are

 

1) warmer climate in Polar region,

2) eccentric behavior of the compass, and

3) the peculiar polar lights known respectively as the Aurora Borealis and, in Antarctica, the Aurora Australis.

 

Although the brevity of this article prevents all but a cursory examination of the voluminous available evidence, there are several other categories of proof as well. These include:

 

4) a dramatic increase in plant and animal life at the far north, also extreme northward bird migrations at the onset of Winter;

5) stones, wood, dust, pollen, and mud found both on and imbedded in ice bergs;

6) anomalous radio wave behavior in polar region;

7) gravitational increase measurable at the Polar Curve, sufficent to cause a significant segregation of salt water and fresh water;

8) strange situation of the far north Eskimo, a people with a completely unique language and whose oral tradition states that they originated from much farther north in a warm land of perpetual daylight;

9) polar sea depth and strong southgoing current in the high Arctic;

10) the perfectly fresh mammoths found encased in the ice

 

A) if, as the official government position postulates, these elephants died during a climate shift from tropical to frigid, it is logical to inquire why didn't these shivering elephants simply 'pack their trunks' and move south? or

 

B) if this alleged climate shift happened suddenly, then why aren't these 'flash frozen' pacyderms found alongside the inevitable 'flash frozen' thousands of acres of forest in which they lived?;

 

11) the peculiar chemistry and mathematics of ice bergs, enormous objects composed of fresh water and which, although there is almost no annual precipitation with which to replace them, travel by the thousands slowly southward to melt every year.

 

The compass has been trying to indicate the true configuration of the Polar regions ever since man first employed this instrument in his quest for those mythical poles. Instead of smoothly leading would be conquerors of the pole to the fabled 90* latitude point, as it must if the official description of the Earth's geology is correct, the needle starts to perform in an agitated and indecisive fashion in high latitudes. After reaching approximately the 80th parallel, an extraordinary thing begins to occur—the needle starts vertical movement! It is at that stage that the conflicting forces of magnetism and gravity are manifesting themselves. Concerning the compass, Russian explorer Snegirev writes:

 

...the magnetic pole...makes some kind of tricky curve...inconvenience of traveling by compass alone. The arrow would point northward, then suddenly it would veer to the west, and then almost reluctantly it would return to its former position.

 

Walter Sullivan comments in QUEST FOR A CONTINENT "...compasses which behaved erratically so near the Pole. ' Chauncey Loomis observes in his biography of Arctic explorer Charles Francis Hall, WEIRD AND TRAGIC SHORES "...be buried so far north of the magnetic pole that the needle of a compass put on his grave points southwest." On page 536 of his book Nansen says "There were other things, too, that greatly puzzled me. If we were on a new land, near Spitzbergen, why were the rosy gulls never seen there, while we had them in flocks here to the north? And then there was the great variation of the compass." Greely records on page 128 of his book ''In the magnetometer a small magnet, freely suspended by single fibre of untwisted silk, swings readily in any horizontal direction. This magnet, at Conger...swung to and fro in a restless, uneasy way...A magnetic needle, nicely and delicately balanced, in the middle latitudes assumes a nearly level position. At Conger, however, the needle, adjusted so that it can move freely in a vertical plane, shows a strong tendency to assume an upright position. At a dip of 90* the needle would be erect, while at Conger the inclination was about 85*." The single most spectacular feature of the high Arctic is undoubtedly the Aurora Borealis, a phenomenon alien to nearly all of the Earth's countries.

 

The official government explanation is essentially the same as that expressed in nearly all large circulation publications, such as the GUINNESS BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS: ''These luminous displays are caused by showers of electrons streaming from the Sun (the solar wind) and striking the atoms of the upper atmosphere, so making them glow. The shape of the Earth's magnetic field confines these displays to polar regions and high latitudes.' Were it not for its wholesale omission of the facts, this conjecture sounds nearly plausible. There are large problems, however, with an electromagnetic hypothesis in accounting for the polar lights:

 

1) electricity and magnetism do not move haphazardly about in enormous curtain shapes;

 

2) the Aurora is noticably affected by local weather changes;

 

3) the Aurora displays a significant variety of colors, often concurrently;

 

4) the magnetic needle functions even at the equator, but the Aurora is almost exclusively polar;

 

5) actual electrical phenomena, such as lightening, are noisy, yet the Aurora is silent;

 

6) particles from the Sun are mainly hydrogen, yet very little hydrogen is recorded in the spectograph's annalysis of Auroral light;

 

7) If caused by a perpetual flow of electrons from the Sun, then why are Auroral displays sometimes present and sometimes absent?;

 

8) the most powerful refutation is that Auroras are often experienced on-site with no affect upon the magnetic needle!

 

Peter Freuchen writes in THE ARCTIC YEAR:

 

"These peculiar lights ...brighest by far and best developed in the Arctic, reaching the height of beauty in the dark winter nights...luminous bands or rays dart rapidly over the sky. They change form continuously, and sometimes color too, and the rays often give the illusion of originating from a distant searchlight...On other occasions the aurora appears as a rippling curtain of light, steadily changing form and position. Or it may occur as a cascade of light radiating from a magnificent crown high up in the sky. Whatever the form, the aurora always exhibits movement and, generally, rapid change."

 

The kaleidoscopic behaviour of the Aurora is fully explained by the limitless variety of atmospheric conditions present at any particular time between the Central Sun and the Polar Opening. For an instantaneous discreditation of the fraudulent 'electromagnetic bombardment' theory of Auroral production, we refer to this passage about Venus from Mark Chartrand's 1990 PLANETS: A GUIDE TO THE SOLAR SYSTEM:

 

"Despite the fact that Venus has no magnetic field, it seems to have auroras high in its atmosphere; their origin is not understood." Greely states on page 158 of his book ''The aurora...magnetic disturbances were rare during colorless and slowly changing forms." Page 184: "Despite the remarkable duration and extent of the aurora, the magnet was but slightly disturbed." Page 187: ''The halo was preceded by an aurora, which was unaccompanied by magnetic disturbances."

 

Acclaimed South Polar explorer Finn Ronne notes in his autobiography, ANTARCTICA, MY DESTINY

 

"...I beheld an unimaginable crystalline beauty; and I felt myself a part of a surrealistic scene as I stood transfixed while the aurora australis washed over me." Nansen writes in his book on page 163 "The whole sky was ablaze with it...No words can depict the glory that met our eyes...It was an endless phantasmagoria of sparkling color, surpassing anything that one can dream."

 

The evidence presented in the science books of William Reed and especially Marshall Gardner prove beyond any reasonable doubt the accuracy of United States patent 1096102, the Hollow Earth Theory. When one couples the monumental importance of this discovery with the nearly total non-acknowledgement of it in the major press, it is readily apparent that it has the dubious distinction of also being the single most pervasive conspiracy in the world. Why?

 

The famous unregistered aircraft commonly described as unidentified flying objects are the logical answer. Even ignoring all other aspects of the UFO situation, the authentication of at least some of these vehicles is fully established by the countless number of firm radar contacts measured on both military and commercial scopes. Common sense easily discerns the logical connection between the dramatic arrival of these aircraft in large numbers in 1947 and our own extraordinary technological leap of the 1940s i.e. Atomic Bomb, trans-sound barrier flight, radar, television, etc. If the civilization operating these unregistered aircraft was headquartered on a distant planet, they would not be interested in the slightest; if, on the other hand, they occupy our interior sister world, in that case they would be extremely interested...especially by our harnessing of the atom. It may very possibly be that atomic energy will lead (or has led) to the ultimate technology of antimatter, gravity inertia reversal. Second only to national security, is a nation's desire to explore. As a peaceful pursuit, Mankind's most exhillerating ambition is Space exploration, an undertaking which we have barely begun. That will change soon if recent indications out of Nevada reach fruition. The long sought technology of gravity inertia reversal has finally been achieved and is being routinely flown in the Groom Dry Lake Antimatter Research Facility of Lincoln County, Nevada, USA. The large number of witnesses grew dramatically when NBC TV aired their April 20, 1992 report by Pentagon correspondent Fred Francis at the edge of perhaps the most highly classified military base in the world Area 51. After an eventual full disclosure and subsequent public exploration of the Interior Earth, Interior Mars will be even more fascinating.

 

'Sentido komun, katotohanan at sake katarungan'; common sense, truth and justice."


The intriguing question of a hollow Earth has attracted the attention of free thinkers, scientists and a wide assortment of crackpots back through the ages

Plato wrote of enormous subterranean tunnels both broad and narrow that made up the earth's interior. Dr. Edmond Halley, of comet fame, believed that all heavenly bodies were hollow and in a speech before the members of the Royal Society of London stated "Beneath the crust of the Earth, which is 500 feet thick, is a hollow void". Then there was Leonard Euler (1707-1783), noted mathematician and one of the founders of higher mathematics. He stated that "mathematically the Earth has to be hollow". He also believed there was a center sun inside the Earth's interior, which provided daylight to a splendid subterranean civilization.

Next came Captain John Cleves Symmes, war hero of the War of 1812. Once his studies led him to believe in a Hollow Earth, he used his knowledge to convince James McBride, a Miami Ohio millionaire. Mr. McBride used his political connections to Rep. Richard M. Johnson (D) of Kentucky [later vice-president under Van Buren 1837-18411] to petition congress to finance an expedition to claim the lands inside the earth for the U.S. The petition, by a vote of 56-46 was tabled.

The Hollow Earth was next theorized by William Reed in his 1906 book "The Phantom of The Poles". Based on his studies of early Arctic explorations and scientific evidence, he states that the Earth is not solid as widely believed, but hollow with openings at both ends. In the summary of his revolutionary theory, Reed states "The Earth is hollow. The Poles, so long sought, are phantoms. There are openings at the northern and southern extremities. In the interior are vast continents, oceans, mountains and rivers. Vegetable and animal life are evident in this New World and it is probably peopled by races unknown to dwellers on the Earth's surface"

Marshall B. Gardner reached the same conclusions after 20 years of research and published his finding in "A Journey to the Earth's Interior, or, Have the Poles Really Been Discovered?" in 1913, revised 1920. He was unaware of Reed or his theory at the time. Mr. Gardner puts forth the argument that neither Cook nor Peary reached the True North Pole since, according to the theory, it does not exist. Mr. Gardner states "Scientific societies that considered Cook's and Peary's claims concluded that in neither case could it be said authoritatively that the explorer had reached the pole".

This controversy still exists today.

Science fiction writers have had a field day with the theory. Jules Verne's "Journey to the Center of the Earth", Edgar Rice Borrough's "Tarzan at the Earth's Core" and scores of other authors have let their talents run wild in the Inner World. Grade-B film makers know a good theme when they find one also.

Then there are those people who claim to have visited the interior of our planet. Olaf Janson's "The Smoky God"" is one such story that comes to mind.

Another is "EDIDORPHA or The End Of The Earth" by John Uri Lloyd published in 1895.

Ray Palmer was one of the first researchers and reporters on the UFO scene during the 50s and 60s. In his ground breaking publications "Flying Saucers" and "Search Magazine", he speculated that, because UFOs have been seen in earth's sky throughout history , they may very well be from our earth, in fact, evidence seemed to indicate that UFOs could very well come from a subterranean world inside our earth.

Then on the cover of "Flying Saucers" magazine issue #69 - June 1970 and in issue #92 of "Search Magazine" published in July of 1970, the late Mr. Palmer published a photo that is still a controversy. Excerpts from his Editorial in the above mentioned "Flying Saucers" magazine tell it best;

On the cover this month we reproduce the most remarkable photo ever made.

It was taken by the ESSA-7 satellite on November 23, 1968 the North Pole photo lacking clouds in the polar area, therefore reveals the surface of the planet. Although, surrounding the polar area, and north of such areas as the North American continent and Greenland and the Asian continent, we can see the ice-fields 8-foot thick ice we do not see any ice fields in a large circular area directly at the geographic pole. Instead we see THE HOLE. In 1981 I came into possession of another group of NASA photos showing earth from deep in space which, not only substantiates the ESSA-7 photos, but adds weight to another feature of the hollow earth theory.

At this point any practical person will start to ask themselves, if this is all true why isn't it common and accepted knowledge. As Ray Palmer said in one of his articles

A government that will not tell you what they know about UFOs would certainly keep the origin of them a secret.

Then there are those researchers who say some of us spend entirely too much time looking at the poles.

Certain researchers swear the earth is shaped like a giant doughnut and that holes at the poles provide an entrance into the inner lands. "Not so" shouts another group. "Entrance to the interior world can be gained only by entering a cave and discovering the subterranean tunnels".

Most of the people who claim to have visited the inner lands arrive there through old mine shafts, caves and subterranean tunnels. Others claim to have traveled through extent volcanoes. There is good solid evidence supporting all these theories. Evidence also supports the possibility of other hidden entrances to the inner realms in The Bermuda Triangle and other strange areas around the world.

1947 Mt. Ranier, Washington  


Kenneth Arnold's historic sighting, coining the term now forever embedded in the lexicon of UFOlogy... "Flying Saucer." Arnold witnessed 9, brightly gleaming heel shaped craft skipping across the atmosphere like saucers across a lake, while piloting his small private airplane.

Though rarely noted, Arnold had a second, closer encounter with the same craft only a week later and confirmed that these ships were by no means of earthly origin and defied everything then understood about aerodynamics and propulsion.

 

One of these areas of interest in the Pacific Northwestern area of the United States. It was in this area that the name "flying saucers" was first heard.

On June 24, 1947, Kenneth Arnold, a businessman and commercial pilot from Boise, Idaho, was flying past Mount Rainier, in Mount Rainier National Park, State of Washington, when he sighted a strange formation of nine luminous saucer-shaped objects. He related this unusual experience to newsmen and news of the mysterious objects dubbed "flying saucers" was spread nationwide.

UFOs are quite common in the area. In fact the thousands of miles of untrodden land that makes up the extreme Northwestern part of America hides many unexplained mysteries. This is the land of Bigfoot & Sasquatch (as the local Native Americans call him).


THE MONSTER AS METAPHOR

Roger Sandell

 

Many of those interested in UFOs are also interested in other branches of fringe knowledge, so it is not very surprising that there have been so many theories, such as those about the Bermuda Triangle and Ancient Astronauts, that link UFOs with other mysterious phenomena. For some years ideas of this nature have been circulating regarding UFOs and 'mystery animals'. At first these ideas were propounded by those who believed UFOs were interplanetary probes, and took the form of suggestions such as that the Bigfoot of the North American forests was a robot released from a UFO, or that the mysterious puma-like animals reported from various parts of England in recent years were part of a biological experiment by aliens. In the case of Bigfoot these ideas seem to have entered the American popular consciousness sufficiently for them to have formed the basis for one episode of the TV series Six Million Dollar Man. The latest development in this field, according to a press report, is a claim that the Loch Ness monster in an underwater extraterrestrial probe - an idea which was also featured in BBC TV's Dr Who a year or so back.


Naively mechanistic as such ideas may be, there is no denying the existence of an overlap between the UFO and the mystery animals; the most obvious similarity is the sociological one. The 'Nottinghamshire Lion' reports of last summer [1976] followed a progress identical to many UFO waves. A sighting of a lion by two milk roundsmen, seen at close quarters in an open field, was considered sufficiently impressive for press and TV to give it wide coverage, and for the police to be issued with firearms, even though no lion was reported missing. This original report was followed by more dubious claims, including suggestions that patches of flattened vegetation - which in other circumstances would be claimed as UFO landing traces - were places where the lion had rested. Finally, when an alleged rearview sighting of the lion turned out to be a piece of sacking caught on a branch, the whole affair was discredited, even though the original sighting remains mysterious.

 

The sociological side of one mystery animal is examined in The Meaning of the Loch Ness Monster, by Roger Grimshaw and Paul Lester, a pamphlet published by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, a group of radical sociologists. [1] The role of the scientist and the independent researcher are analyzed in terms equally applicable to the UFO field. The increasing interest in such fringe beliefs by scientists is seen as a result of increasing controversy about the political role of science, brought about by the ecological movement and protests against the involvement of scientists in war research. In this climate, when science becomes a matter of political controversy and general discussion, many scientists no longer maintain an Olympian detachment from the man in the street. They do not look down on phenomena largely reported by non-scientists, and often reported by the more sensational press, but consider them reasonable subjects for investigation. The independent researchers, or 'monster entrepreneurs' as the authors describe them, are seen as often strongly individualistic people seeking a field of study in which knowledge is not the possession of an anonymous bureaucracy can be extended by the efforts of the individual. (It should be made clear that the use of the term 'entrepreneur' refers solely to their individuality, and is not intended to imply that researchers are 'in it for the money'.)

 

One matter that is not explored by the authors is the equivocal relationship between fringe entrepreneur and the established scientist. The entrepreneur is often uncertain whether he hopes to solve the mysteries of his chosen field himself, or act as a semi-political pressure group to persuade scientists to investigate the matter in question themselves In the UFO field this has led to suggestions that some researchers have censored some of their 'high strangeness' data to make reports acceptable to the scientists they wish to impress.

 

Finally, the pamphlet examines the mechanisms of belief and scepticism:

 

We see in the phenomena of Loch Ness a focusing of a belief in some mysterious force just beyond human control, teasing human comprehension, subject to casual and unpredictable sighting. Just as flying saucers are a space-conquering product of a higher technology, always flying beyond man's reach, so the creature is felt to be a time-conquering of prehistory, swimming for the most part beneath man's threshold of vision. An image of magical power presented by the creature as it eludes the grasp of man, the dominant animal on the planet, but so powerless here. Its simple and harmonious relationship with its environment renders it invulnerable and secure ... As long as it is a mystery it will symbolise freedom and security for all that is natural and will cast doubt on the omnipotence of an artificial civilization.

 

However, the belief that the monster is a 'tourist stunt' or a 'silly-season story' is equally sustained by irrational considerations:


Indulgent contemplation of the phenomenon is countered by hardheaded scepticism - a particular element of an attitude of mind of an urban working-class ... resistant to claims of the supernatural or supernormal that would contradict [their] realistic, commonsensical understanding of the world and [their] own urban survival mechanism ... Popular superstition on one hand and scepticism on the other are by no means mutually exclusive attitudes.. They often uneasily inhabit the same people, since the urban dweller, no matter how certain he is of commonsense realities that surround him, is still aware however dimly and obliquely, that there are forces inside, and for that matter outside society that lie beyond his control or comprehension ... Fantasy and scepticism about the monster sustain one another in the double bond of dependence and incomprehension.

 

Although the authors confine their analysis to the Loch Ness Monster their observations apply if anything more strongly to the reports and rumours of abominable-snowman type creatures in the USA. An extra dimension is given to these reports by the semi-human appearance of the creatures. Taken as symbols they can be seen as a myth appropriate to modern ecological consciousness; a dream of humanity freed from the constraints of civilization, once again living by instinct in a natural environment. In this they recall other mythic inhabitants of the forest, such as the Greek god Pan whose worship was attended by orgiastic rites; Robin Hood, representative of an older, pre-feudal England who emerges from his forest to strike terror into the hearts of the leaders of organised society; and Puck, who in A Midsummer Night's Dream submits those who wander into the woods to a night in which their sexuality becomes uncontrolled and focussed on what they would normally despise.

 

Another recent publication, Bigfoot, by Anne Slate and Allan Berry [2], contains data that supports this analysis by strongly suggesting that rather more is involved than a simple hunt for an unknown animal. Some items included will be familiar to anyone with knowledge of UFO contactee stories. Witnesses encounter Bigfoot after being drawn into the forest by impulses they are unable to explain. One witness submitted to hypnosis to elicit details of his experience, and claimed while in a trance to be in telepathic contact with Bigfoot, and delivered a warning that "we are ruining the planet". Another witness, when interviewed by researchers uttered animal-like noise and delivered an incoherent prophecy of the doom of America before the Bicentennial.

 

Weirder still, there are cases in this book which if accurately reported suggest that Bigfoot sightings, unlike most Loch Ness Monster reports, have an apparition-like air to them. There are cases where a particular individual or family seems to have been singled out for attention over a long period. There are other cases where a creature seem to have vanished after the sighting in circumstances where it was hard to imagine any large animal disappearing. In one case a witness after his sighting is visited by a mysterious Man-in-Black figure who asks for money for a telephone call. When passing over the money the witness is unable to feel his visitor's hand.

 

Most striking of all are the cases where the Bigfoot witnesses state that even before the creature was encountered the whole forest landscape seemed somehow wrong and unsettling, and without the normal forest sounds. This detail is similar to the experiences of witnesses in apparition cases and has led to the suggestion that in these cases the witness is hallucinating not merely the apparition, but his whole field of vision. [4]

 

As always, one is faced with the problem of how seriously or literally to take these reports. In the authors' forward it must be said that they themselves seem for the most part puzzled by the odd and inconvenient nature of many of their cases. In any event, the fact that such stories are circulating is eloquent testimony that for some people the Bigfoot mystery has taken on overtones very far removed from the mere hunt for a mystery animal. When we read of people propelled by strange impulses to a weird, silent part of the forest to meet a monster, we are surely not in the realms of natural history but in the magic forest of a fairytale inhabited by supernatural beings, such as in Keats' Belle Dame Sans Merci:

 

Oh, what can ail the knights at arms

So pale and loitering?

The sedge hath withered from the seeds

And no birds sing.

 

If some at least of the Bigfoot sightings belong to the realm of apparition, such a phenomenon would not be unprecedented. The ghostlore of Britain has many examples of apparitions such as Demon Dogs and the giant, shadowy 'Big Grey Man of Ben MacDhui' in Scotland, descriptions of which are strikingly similar to some Bigfoot reports.

 

In the 1950s when reports of the Himalayan Abominable Snowman were appearing in the press, the dramatist Nigel Kneale (creator of Quatermass) wrote a play about an expedition to hunt down the animal. When a hunter closes in on the creature it turns to look at him, and its face is seen to be identical to his own. In their very different ways the two books reviewed here show that however they may be explained, mystery animal reports tell us much about the way we perceive reality, react to it, and transmit it to others.

 

References

1. Roger Grimshaw and Paul Lester. The Meaning of the Loch Ness Monster. Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, University of Birmingham, 1976.

2. Anne Slate and Allen Berry, Bigfoot. Bantam, 1976.

3. This case is detailed in 'Berserk', by Dr. Berthold Schwarz. FSR.

4. Celia Green and Charles McCreery. Apparitions, Hamish Hamilton, 1975.