, which means how different it is from everything familiar. If it is shaped something like an airplane or a balloon or a helicopter, it probably isn't a UFO. But if it is disc-shaped or oval or cigar-shaped, it stands a good chance of being a UFO. If it flies like an airplane or a balloon or a helicopter, etc., it probably isn't a UFO. If it makes very sharp turns or accelerates suddenly or starts and stops, it may be a UFO.

2. Credibility, which means how much credit can be given to the witness(es)' descriptions. If there is only one witness, it probably isn't a strong case, unless that witness is a professional pilot or a scientist or a control tower operator, etc. If there is more than one witness, or if the UFO was tracked on radar, or if there are also photographs, the case is much stronger.In general, if it is a UFO, it will "let you know" by its very unusual appearance and very unusual actions. If what you have seen was only slightly unusual, it almost certainly wasn't a UFO.

 2. What is an IFO?

An Identified Flying Object is anything that was first thought to be a UFO, but was then explained by qualified persons. Most things reported as UFOs turn out to be honestly mistaken observations of stars and planets, meteors and fireballs, satellites and satellite re-entries, airplanes, balloons, clouds, etc.

An estimated 75%-90% of all things reported as UFOs turn out to be explainable. This is especially true at night, when all that can be seen is usually a single light, but no object. If the light is going extremely fast, in a straight line, it is almost certainly a meteor (also called a falling star or shooting star). If it is a very large, bright light or group of lights traveling together, it is probably a fireball (a large meteor) or a satellite breaking up. If it is a light travelling slowly in a straight line, it may be a satellite in orbit. An experienced UFO investigator has learned to spot such things quickly in a report. There is less chance for mistakes in the daytime, but since about 1980 there have been far fewer daylight sightings of possible UFOs.

 3. What does a UFO look like?

Most of those seen in the daytime are said to have simple, geometric shapes such as discs, ovals, spheres, cylinders or triangles. They are usually sharp-edged and light colored, like aluminum. They sometimes have domes on top, or on the bottom, or both. Some have what look like windows or portholes.

It is impossible to get very specific about what UFOs look like, since there are no really good photos of them, and no one has been able to make authentic scale drawings with measurements of even one type. Some are discs, shaped like two saucers face-to-face or a discus as thrown in a track meet. Some of them have domes on top, or even on both top and bottom. Other UFOs look like flattened ovals, or airplane fuselages without wings or tails. The best that can be said is what they don't look like. And that is like anything familiar. There appear to be widely differing sizes of UFOs. Some discs may be as small as a few feet across, while more common ones are around 50 feet. The cylindrical ones are the largest, with estimates ranging upwards from 1,000 feet in length.

 
4. When was the first UFO sighted?

No one knows. Reports of UFO-like sights can be traced back into the middle of the 19th Century and earlier. It is even possible to interpret passages in the Bible as UFO-related. But there is no way to investigate and get additional information on such reports, since the witnesses are long gone. Such reports are interesting, but not scientifically useful.

It would be interesting to know when the first UFO sighting was made, but there is no way to find out. It is possible that "Ezekiel's wheel", as described in the Old Testament, was a UFO, but there is no way to check it out. Ezekiel is long gone, as are any other witnesses, and precise records are not available from that time, so it will have to remain just an interesting possibility. In the mid-1800's, sea-faring men frequently reported strange sky sights which became known as "remarkable meteors" because they sometimes made right-angle turns or stopped dead in the sky and then sped away! Were they UFOs? They certainly weren't meteors.

In 1896 and 1897 there was a great flurry of sightings of what became known as "mystery airships". They were long, like dirigibles, and some were said to have short wings or sails or even groups of men pulling oars! Many of the reports were probably invented by newspaper reporters, an act that would get them fired today. It is also possible that there were some genuine UFOs mixed in with a lot of foolishness and excessive excitement on the part of observers. UFOs were reported sporadically through the first four decades of the 20th Century, before things really got hot with the start of the Second World War. They have yet to cool down.

 5. When was the first major wave of UFO reports?

In late 1944, following a gradual build-up of activity, "foo-fighters" were reported in large numbers. Pilots of American and British bombers and night fighters over occupied France and over Germany described glowing balls that flew in formation with them for long periods and then just flew away. The first "explanation" was that they must be experimental German anti-aircraft weapons that were being tested prior to being put into action. But the war ended without a single "foo-fighter" showing unfriendliness. Explainers then tried to blame German jet and rocket fighters in night operations. But it was later determined that there may have been only a single night flight by any German jet, and none by their rocket-powered fighters.

At about the same time in the Pacific Theater of War, American bombers were followed for hours by bright lights that eventually turned away. Military officials said they were Japanese suicide planes, and that is how they show up in official mission reports. But suicide planes never flew at night, and they never followed our bombers for long periods of time without doing anything. The war ended with hundreds of reports still unexplained.

 6. What were the "Swedish ghost rockets"?

In a few weeks during the autumn of 1946 there were at least 1,500 reports of cylindrical or "spindle-shaped" objects flying over Sweden, and sometimes crashing into lakes. They were called "ghost rockets" even though they didn't act like rockets. Government officials suggested they might be missiles or rockets being tested by the Soviet Union from the super-secret base at Pennemuünde, where the Nazis had developed the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 stratosphere rocket. But the Soviets never tested anything at Peenemünde, according to experts on the history of rocketry. And what was seen from Sweden didn't look or act like noisy V-1s or super-fast V-2s. No good photos are known to exist, and nothing was ever found (or at least admitted) from "ghost rockets" that were said to have landed or crashed.

 7. When was the first major American wave of UFO sightings?

Americans became aware of what were then called "flying discs" on June 25, 1947. The story of a formation of unidentified craft weaving through the peaks of the Cascade Mountains at more than twice the speed of sound was big news. In the following two weeks, hundreds of reports were published, and spokesmen for the U.S. Army Air Forces fell all over themselves trying to explain them before finally admitting they didn't know what they were.



Not many people took the discs seriously. They figured they were either some secret new kind of military airplanes, or else sheer imagination. If they had known how seriously the Army Air Forces were taking them, they would have been surprised. But all the government studies remained secret for years. Including one that concluded, "This 'flying saucer' situation is not all imaginary or seeing too much in some natural phenomena. Something is really flying around."

 8. Could UFOs be alien spacecraft?

It is certainly possible, but it hasn't been proven. Supporting this idea are the shapes of reported UFOs, which make little sense in light of our knowledge of how things fly; and the reported behavior of UFOs (violent maneuvers, silent high-speed flight, extreme acceleration). Opposing this idea are the lack of proof that any form of life exists outside the Earth, and the extreme distance from the nearest star to Earth.

This is the number-one question when it comes to UFOs, and we still aren't close to an answer. But there are hundreds of unexplained reports of people having seen strange-looking vehicles at close range, and then watched them perform maneuvers that are impossible for today's finest aircraft, let alone those from 50 years ago. Added to this is the suspicious behavior of the U.S. Air Force which reacts to talk of UFOs like it has something important to hide.

It is this lack of a firm "yes" or "no" that fuels the continued search for alien life in outer space and alien life on or near the Earth.

 9. How many UFO sightings have been reported?

No one knows. The U. S. Air Force collected 12,500 reports. The UFO Catalog kept by the private Center for UFO Studies lists 50,000. It is well established that only about 10% of all UFO sightings are ever reported, mainly because people are afraid of being laughed at.

There are "UFO sightings", there are "UFO reports", and finally there are "UFOs". The number of sightings could be in the millions. The number of sightings reported to someone is probably around 50-to-60,000. And the number of those reports that turn out to be about truly unidentified flying objects is certainly in the thousands. Those are the ones that matter, because they could be alien craft, or some previously unknown form of natural phenomena, or just about anything. They constitute the mystery. As long as there is a genuine mystery, there is a chance of something important being discovered.

 10. What are Alien Abductions?

No one knows. What are called alien abductions are reports that people have been taken away during the night for a short period by odd-looking beings, subjected to what sounds like unfamiliar medical procedures, and then returned to where they started. Efforts to explain these reports as psychological problems, attempts to get attention, etc. have not yet explained what people continue to report from all over the world.

This is easily the most peculiar aspect of the whole UFO mystery. It is outlandish, it is preposterous, it is bizarre. And it may actually be real. There have been thousands of reports from people all around the world who report complicated, strange experiences that are very much alike. Attempts to explain them have all come up wanting. Victims of whatever "alien abduction" means, remain puzzled, angry and scared. They feel they have been mistreated and robbed of control over their lives. They aren't sure what is happening to them, but they know they want it to stop. With few exceptions, "abductees" thoroughly dislike their experiences.

Explanations generally come from unqualified people: lecturers, self-appointed experts and scientists who specialize in unrelated fields. Those who take the subject seriously don't seem to have any answers,

 11. What do aliens look like?

According to those who insist they have seen aliens, most of them are short and skinny, with big heads and huge, black eyes, and almost no nose or ears. They are said to have wrinkled, greyish skin. They generally resemble the small beings seen near landed UFOs in the 1960's and 1970's.

Those reported by "abductees" are of several different sizes and shapes. The most common are said to be "small greys" - 3.5 to 4 feet tall, with very large heads and skinny bodies covered with wrinkled, greyish skin, and with large black wrap-around eyes, and almost no nose, mouth or ears. Others include larger, more human-looking greys; some that look entirely human, and some that look like lizards.

There is as yet no way to know how accurate any of these descriptions is, nor if different races are present.

 12. Was the "alien autopsy" movie shown on Fox-TV the real thing?

Almost certainly not. There are too many things wrong with the movie, and the owner refused to answer most of the questions put to him by investigators. The body doesn't look like any "alien" ever reported, and the man doing the autopsy failed to treat the body as something of great scientific value.

There is no absolute proof that the movie was faked, but most of the evidence points in that direction. If this had actually been a film of a major historic event, there should have been a more professional laboratory setting, the cameraman should not have been so amateurish, color film should have been used, and there should have also been a still cameraman evident.

One expert in such matters, consulted by the Fund, referred to the material removed from the chest cavity as "stuffing" and suggested the film looked like it had been made by drunken medical students,

As yet there has been no reasonable explanation for the film having escaped from the military security system, as one would expect for something as significant as this is claimed to be. In fact, almost nothing is known about the origins of the film, which make the whole thing quite suspicious.

 13. Didn't the U. S. Air Force investigate UFOs and conclude there was nothing to them?

Yes and no. The Air Force had an official UFO investigation from 1948 to 1969 (Projects Sign, Grudge and Blue Book), and collected more than 12,500 reports. It claims to have explained all but about 600 of them, but the facts of most of those reports strongly suggest that something important was seen.

As so many of these were made by military and airline pilots, and other unexplained sightings involved radar tracking, they are the heart of the matter. Hundreds of other reports in the official files are alleged to have been explained, but are full of unscientific and illogical reasoning.

If so many cases are admittedly unexplained, they cannot be used to support any conclusions, as the nature and origins of unexplained cases are, by definition, unknown. If you add those cases that are only "possibly" explained, the total lacking convincing explanations tops 50%, which strongly suggests that the official investigation was a failure.

 14. Did anything crash at Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947?

Almost certainly. Several first-hand witnesses have described very unusual wreckage found at a sheep ranch northwest of Roswell in early July, which doesn't fit the Air Force claim that it was nothing more than the remains of a cluster of weather balloons. Moreover, recent Air Force attempts to end the debate have been so full of errors that even more questions have been raised. There are many other reports and rumors of UFO crashes where the wreckage was quickly removed. Hardly any of them have been properly investigated, and so no one knows which ones are genuine.

The Air Force keeps trying to explain what crashed at Roswell, but seems to get farther and farther from an answer the public will accept. First, it was said to have been a weather balloon, then it was said that nothing crashed, and most recently it was a cluster of weather balloons. If it was anything ordinary, it should be painfully obvious to the Air Force and to everyone else. The fact that 50 years have passed since the event, and the government is still struggling with this report suggests that either it doesn't know what happened, or it doesn't want the public to know.

A World War II veteran intelligence officer, Maj. Jesse Marcel, was among the first to arrive at the scene and he later said that every scrap of wreckage he saw was unfamiliar. No bolts, no nuts, no washers, no rivets, no clamps, no connectors, no hinges or anything else found on known devices. He also said that the most common type of wreckage was very thin and very light material that looked like metal foil, but was impossibly strong. His young son, later a physician and Army Reserve helicopter pilot, confirmed this and added that he saw thin I-beams that had raised pinkish-purple symbols on their webs that looked like no known language or alphabet.

In its response to an investigation by the government's General Accounting Office (GAO), the Air Force said what crashed was definitely not an aircraft, a missile or anything connected to nuclear weapons. The GAO then concluded that "the debate over what crashed at Roswell continues."

 15. Are any pieces of crashed UFOs known to exist?

No. Several people have claimed to have pieces, but nothing has yet been seen and tested that has been proven to be non-Earthly. There is still a chance that some of the people involved in recovering the remains of the Roswell crash took small bits, and these may still exist.

 
16. Why don't UFOs land?

They apparently do. There are a lot of rumors and vague reports of them landing, but only a few cases which have withstood intensive investigation. One of the most impressive was on April 24, 1964, outside Socorro, New Mexico, where city Patrolman Lonnie Zamora reported seeing a UFO descend, then saw it parked with two small beings close by. He watched it take off and then went to the scene and saw charred rocks, singed bushes and impressions in the ground where he said the landing gear had been. The two individuals were not seen after the UFO took off, and the U.S. Air Force declared this case "unexplained".

Whether or not UFOs land is really up to those who operate them, if indeed they are vehicles as they appear. Some UFOs may not be designed to land. Those in charge of other UFOs may not want to land. Some may land in order to make repairs. There is no way to tell. But there almost certainly have been observed landings, even if we don't know why they landed.

17. Why are UFOs only reported by uneducated farmers in places you've never heard of?

They aren't. A study by the U.S. Air Force showed that the most puzzling UFO reports came from people who had the best technical backgrounds. They are reported from everyplace where there are people, though fewer are seen from big cities because less of the sky is visible.

People in rural areas may see more UFOs because they can see more of the sky and because they may look at the sky more often. Big city people have a poor view of the sky, and they are usually too busy to look up. Generally speaking, UFOs are seen by people who happen to be in the right place at the right time.

 18. If I see a UFO, how do I report it?

First, watch carefully to see if you can identify what you first thought might be a UFO. If you can't, then carefully note the time of day, the length of time you watched it, the shape and color of the UFO, what it did and how you lost sight of it.

Then you should report it to someone who can study it and arrange to have it investigated. That's the way you'll find out what it was...maybe.

It will probably be a waste of your time to contact any branch of the Armed Services, your local police, your local airport, a university, an observatory, a TV station, a radio station or a newspaper.

19. Have UFOs ever been tracked on radar?

There are about three dozen radar cases among the admittedly unexplained reports in the U. S. Air Force files, and many more which are only claimed to have been explained. Very few radar cases have been reported in the past 20 years, because almost all radars are operated by governments, and anything they detect can easily be kept secret.

Radar/visual sightings are considered about the most impressive kind of UFO reports, and the hardest to explain as ordinary sights. Probably the most famous radar/visual cases happened in 1952, over and around Washington National Airport, and just a couple of miles from the White House and the Pentagon. For several hours on two different nights in July, scores of UFOs were tracked from at least two radar sites, as they sped, stopped and started, and darted all over this sensitive area. Airline pilots who were asked to look where targets were being tracked, confirmed that they could see odd lights.

The Air Force tried to convince everyone that nothing more exciting than mirages were seen and tracked, but this violates well established scientific theory. In fact, one of the two night of sightings is permanently listed as "unexplained" in the official files of Project Blue Book. Its possible to fool radar into thinking certain kinds of weather is really something flying around. But what was seen and tracked in 1952 couldn't be explained that way.

 20. Why is the Government keeping so much information about UFOs secret?

No one outside the Government knows if information is still being kept secret, let alone what it might be. Possible reasons for withholding information may include a lack of full understanding of UFOs, a need to try to make use of UFO technology for military purposes, and a lack of agreement among government people on how the information should be released.

Before the up-dated Freedom of Information Act was passed by Congress in 1975, the Air Force insisted it had released every scrap of unclassified UFO-related documents. Then UFO researchers started getting copies of declassified UFO documents that had been sitting around for years, which proved the Government had been lying about not withholding unclassified information. Several thousand pages of once-classified material have now been released, and more show up every so often. Based on its previous behavior, the Government is almost certainly holding back more.

Most of the documents that have been released aren't very interesting...just routine paperwork. Every once in awhile, something manages to slip through that sheds a little light on what has gone on behind closed doors. Fortunately, there are UFO researchers willing to spend time studying each document to see if there is anything important in it.

 21. If some UFOs are flown by aliens, why don't they land and present themselves to government leaders or to scientists?.

When aliens do land (if they haven't already), they will do what they feel like doing. If they want to meet with scientists or politicians, they will. If they want to meet with ordinary people, then they'll probably do that. And if they want to go about their business as quietly as possible, they'll try not to meet up with anyone. The truth is, we have no idea why aliens will visit Earth, or why they may already have. They may be explorers and adventurers, like the astronauts we someday will send to distant inhabited worlds. On the other hand, they may come here for entirely different reasons.

We can't expect aliens to act like us. We have to face facts: we know absolutely nothing about how a single alien thinks. Just because almost all the aliens described by claimed witnesses are generally human-shaped (and are thus called humanoids) doesn't mean their brains are like ours. Or their kidneys or their livers, if they even have such internal organs. Even if they come from the same original stock as we do, their lives have been so different that they probably won't seem like far distant relatives.

Until we have a lot of direct, meaningful communication with aliens, we won't know very much about them.

 22. Are there any good photographs of UFOs?

Not in private hands. There are a very few UFO photographs that have withstood serious scientific analysis and remained impressive, but they don't tell us much. Most so-called UFO photographs show nothing more than dots or specs or blobs of light, and lack enough information to permit analysis.

The best photos are those that are connected to a good visual sighting, one that would stand without a photo. The worst are photos of "objects" that appeared on a photographic print, even though neither the photographer nor anyone else saw anything when the photo was shot. These are almost always flaws in the emulsion or lens flares.

 23. If there are intelligent aliens flying around in UFOs, where do they come from?

No one knows. If there are any clues to their origins, they have not yet been recognized.

Scientists estimate there could be as many as a billion Earth-size planets in the universe, which means an alien's zip code could require nine digits just to identify its planet.

Betty Hill, one of the first believable "abductees", described a star map she said she saw on board a UFO. It was later suggested that the stars in it could be identified, but far more work remains to be done, as it's possible there are a lot of other star groupings that resemble Betty's amateurish map.

We will almost certainly have to wait for confirmed communication with aliens to find out where they come from.

 24. Could UFOs come from inside the Earth, or from a parallel universe, or from our future?

There is no evidence that any of these things exists, though some may be mathematically possible. To try to explain one mystery with another mystery is sure to increase the confusion, not clear it up. It's best to keep science and fiction separate, and not to let wishful thinking get in the way of carefully weighing the pros and cons of each suggested explanation.

 25. Could UFOs be secret American airplanes?

Yes. Some that have been seen recently could be secret airplanes still being tested, but only if they were seen in areas where such tests are made. Secret airplanes are never flown low over cities where they could be seen. UFOs reported 10 or more years ago were almost certainly not secret airplanes, because airplanes are almost never kept secret that long. We know all about airplanes that were secret in the 1940's and 1950's and 1960's.

It is possible that some of today's highly classified experimental military aircraft have one or more characteristics of UFOs, including silent high-speed flight, amazing maneuverability and extreme acceleration. But that doesn't explain UFOs with such performance that were seen as much as 50 years ago. Flying a round airplane today won't explain UFOs, unless that airplane can perform like a UFO. The idea that some country has had super airplanes for 40 or 50 years makes no sense, as there have been lots of opportunities to use such airplanes to stop or win wars and save lives. Wars can even be prevented from starting by revealing super weapons to a possible enemy and convincing him that he can't win.

Some enthusiasts suggest we are flying advanced stealth airplanes that are being mis-identified as UFOs. It would require huge advances in science and technology to produce stealth airplanes that are not only invisible to radar and infra-red detection, but are silent and can fly so slowly that not enough air would flow over their wings to keep them aloft. If we had such super aircraft, we wouldn't fly them over cities if we were trying to keep them secret. Finally, to have spent trillions of dollars to design, build and test such super airplanes and then not use them could lead to not just the usual grumbling by the taxpayers, but to a genuine revolt.

 26. Are UFOs seen more often in some places than others?

Yes, but rarely for more than a few days. There have been many brief, localized sighting waves. But they soon end, and the center of the action moves somewhere else. There is no known way to figure out where they will be seen next. Usually what appears to be long-term localized activity turns out to be the result of increased interest and increased eagerness to mistake ordinary sights as UFOs.

 
27. Are UFOs seen in other countries?

Yes. They have been seen wherever there are people. Every continent has had its share, as has almost every country, though local interest plays a role in the apparent level of activity. Wherever there is someone interested in searching out UFO reports, they will be found, but that doesn't mean the investigator lives in a center of activity.

28. What is Area 51?

It is said to be part of the enormous and very secret government proving grounds north of Las Vegas, Nevada, where captured alien UFOs are supposed to have been tested. Secret airplanes have long been tested there, and so the Government has every right to keep the place off-limits. There is no way to inspect the bases to see if any UFO-related work is being done, which leaves nothing more than rumors to support the claims that alien craft have ever been there.

29. What is Hangar 18?

It is a building on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, outside Dayton, Ohio, where UFO wreckage and alien bodies are said to have been stored. Despite all the rumors, no one has ever found proof of this.

Leonard Stringfield made a specialty of collecting reports and rumors of UFO crashes and retrievals, and found that almost all the stories of people seeing crashed craft and alien bodies in storage pointed toward Wright-Patterson AFB. No one in the Government will admit that there ever was a hangar 18, but a lot of men who were stationed there have testified to it, and so there must be something to it. Even a former Commanding Officer of the base, Brig. Gen. Arthur Exon, said he heard a lot of rumors about alien craft and bodies being stored at his base. He then admitted he couldn't find out if the rumors were true, because he didn't have "a need to know" this very secret information in order to do his job. If the Air Force wanted to create a mystery about Hangar 18, it could not have done a better job.

 30. What is MJ-12?

It is said to be a super-secret operation, set up in 1947, to study the remains of crashed UFOs and alien bodies, and to keep it completely secret. Even though a lot of effort has gone into investigating this, no one has yet come up with any solid evidence that MJ-12 (or Majic-12 or Majestic-12) ever existed.

It started with a roll of film mailed anonymously to an associate of investigator Bill Moore in 1984, which showed a document said to be a 1952 briefing paper for Dwight Eisenhower who had just been elected President. MJ-12 was said to be the most secret group in the USA, formed in 1947 by President Harry Truman to study the Roswell wreckage (see FAQ #14) and to keep it totally secret. In 1993, a roll of film was sent anonymously to Don Berliner, showing what was claimed to be an MJ-12 field manual for GIs engaged in recovering crashed saucers.

Both of these documents, along with others, have been studied and studied and studied. And still we don't know if they are genuine or hoaxes. Many of the claims that they are faked have been shown to be wrong, but that doesn't mean the documents are real. Arguments about MJ-12 often get very hot, which hurts the effort to find out the truth.

 31. Could American U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird spyplanes have been mistaken for UFOs?

This is highly doubtful, even though the Central Intelligence Agency claimed this in 1997. Both types of airplanes cruise too high to be seen from the ground, and they are totally unable to perform the kind of violent maneuvers which are a hallmark of UFOs.

When the CIA claimed that spyplanes were responsible for thousands of UFO reports from 1955 to 1970, it had to invent the whole story, as the idea makes no sense. It said there had been a sudden increase in UFO reports immediately after the first test flight of a U-2. In truth, the Project Blue Book files show there was a marked decrease in reports right after that flight. The CIA then said it had conspired with the Blue Book staff to conceal these thousands of alleged sightings of spyplanes by "explaining" them as obscure forms of atmospheric phenomena. A check of the files shows only a handful of reports explained that way, and some of them are explained wrong.

Unless the CIA people responsible for this nonsense are really stupid, the only other obvious possibility is that they are liars.

 32. Why aren't any scientists interested in UFOs?

Some scientists are, but most of them prefer to keep their interest quiet because they are concerned that their fellow scientists may not take them seriously. Men like the late Dr. Donald Menzel, a Harvard astronomer, loudly ridiculed anyone who showed interest in UFOs, and this discouraged other scientists from speaking out. Nevertheless, Northwestern University astronomer Dr. J. Allen Hynek, University of Arizona atmospheric physicist Dr. James McDonald, and a few others have risked their reputations by revealing their serious interest in UFOs.

33. Is there any connection between UFOs and other scientific mysteries such as Big Foot, the Loch Ness Monster and crop circles?

There may be, but it has yet to be demonstrated. They remain separate mysteries which are deserving of serious scientific study.